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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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DESCARTES TERMS:
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Meditation 1:
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Hyperbolic doubt
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Method of knowledge that states one can not be 100% certain of anything...foundation of knowledge is stable
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Reasons for doubting sensations--hallucinations/illusions, dreaming, mad.
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hat though there is waking experience, I can never know which moments are dreams and which are waking--or the possibility of a universal dream--that my whole life is a dream and that there is no waking world. If we read Descartes as suggesting the universal possibility of dreaming,
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Evil genius/Deceiver God--reason for doubting even basic concepts of number quantity, extension etc.
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Evil genius is deceiving him so... By doubting everything, he can at least be sure not to be misled into falsehood by this demon.
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Difference between the two
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The latter suggests that all we know is false and that we cannot trust the senses one bit. The Dream Argument, if meant to suggest the universal possibility of dreaming, suggests only that the senses are not always and wholly reliable. The Dream Argument questions Aristotelian epistemology, while the Evil Demon Argument does away with it altogether.
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Meditation 2:
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Importance of “I am, I exist”--I think therefore I am
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whatever exists thinks...I think...I exist
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Reasons why it is impossible to doubt my own existence as a mind/thinking thing .
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.Every time "I" perceive "I" am thinking, and in thinking "I" am enacting the cogito. Every perception confirms the existence of "my" mind and only gives dubitable evidence for the existence of the world.
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What am “I”---characteristics of the thinking thing.
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he means to refer to anything marked by awareness or consciousness. This does not just include reasoning or other such intellectual activities but also imagining, sensing, willing, believing, doubting, hoping, dreading, and all other mental operations.
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Meditation 3:
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3 types of ideas-innate, adventitious, invented
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innate-an idea allegedly inborn in the human mind, as contrasted with those received or compiled from experience adventitious- coming from outside of us, as with our sensory perceptions invented-invented by us, such as our ideas of mermaids or unicorns
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3 proofs for Gods existence--proof from cause of my idea of God; proof from my existence; proof from my nature and my innate idea of God
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Our idea of God is of a perfect being, (2) it is more perfect to exist than not to exist, (3) therefore, God must exist... God is an infinite substance whereas we are only a finite substance. Since the idea of God cannot have originated in himself, he concludes that God must be the cause of this idea ...1) There must be as much reality in a cause as in an effect, and so, (2) there must be as much formal reality in a cause of an idea as there is objective reality in an idea. Since we have an idea with infinite objective reality (namely, the idea of God)
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Why is in necessary to prove God’s existence?--God is not a deceiver, we can trust our clear and distinct perceptions (CDPs)
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Meditation 6:
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Probability that material things exist--intellection vs. imagination
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he can perceive that a triangle is three-sided and derive all sorts of other properties using the understanding alone. He can also perceive these properties with the imagination, by picturing the triangle in his mind's eye. However, the weaknesses of the imagination become clear when he considers a thousand-sided figure. It is very difficult to picture it in his mind's eye, and more difficult still to differentiate that mental image from the mental image of a 999-sided figure. The pure understanding, however, dealing only in mathematical relations, can perceive all the properties of a thousand-sided figure just as easily as it can a triangle.
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Reason for ending hyperbolic doubt --God wouldn’t deceive me all the time
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Proof that material things exist-- I have CDPs of my body and the material world What am I--relationship of body and mind (Substance Dualism-two sorts of substances exist: the mental and the physical.)
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What can I know about material things and what is the purpose of this knowledge?
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material world exists because god doesn't deceive me however we don't know as much as we thought...realise we cant know what it is within itself
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End of dream doubt-memory is linear dreams arent
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HUME TERMS:
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Empiricism-all knowledge from the senses
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Thoughts/ideas
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ideas are thoughts, beliefs, or memories that we connect to our impressions
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Impressions
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come through our senses, emotions, and other mental phenomena
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Relations of Ideas
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are usually mathematical truths, so we cannot negate them without creating a contradiction
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Matters of Fact
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Matters of fact are the more common truths we learn through our experiences. We understand matters of fact according to causation, or cause and effect
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Cause and effect
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such that our experience of one event leads us to assume an unobserved cause. But Hume argues that assumptions of cause and effect between two events are not necessarily real or true. It is possible to deny causal connections without contradiction because causal connections are assumptions not subject to reason.
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Constant conjunction vs. Necessary Connection
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think we have cause and effect...what really happened isn't that but constant conjunction
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Problem of induction
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IF we know something has happened once we cant expect it to happen again... in science if an even happens many times then we can prove that event
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Skepticism
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True knowledge is unobtainable if even knowable
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Miracles--using the above to ‘disprove’ miracles
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As long as we restrict our thinking to relations of ideas and matters of fact, we are acting within the limits of reason, but we should abandon all metaphysical speculations as useless
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HUMAN FREEDOM TERMS:
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Free will-definition and arguments
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Determinism-definition and arguments
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Compatibilism- definition and arguments
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