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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What approaches to existentialism did Satre receive a cult following for?
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aesthetic, humanistic and socialistic
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Where was Satre born and where did he become a Professor of Philosophy at?
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Born in Paris in 1905, became a Prof of Philosophy at Le Havre in 1931
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Where did Satre write Being and Nothingness and what was it about?
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As a prisoner of war, humans were conceived as beings who create their own world by rebelling against authority and by accepting personal responsibility for their actions, unaided by society, traditional morality or religious faith
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What year did Satre become part of the French Army and what was his position?
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1939, meteorologist
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Where did Satre spend nine months and what did he spend his time doing?
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in 1940 he was captured by the German Army in Paradoux and was a prisoner of war. He read Heidegger and he recalled in his autobio that he discusssed Heidegger with his priest friends in prison. Released in April 1941
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What was Satre’s first dramatical piece he wrote?
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Baronia, a drama concerning Christmas
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What is existentialism?
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The idea that God, inherent meaning and purpose to humans and word and objective morality all do not exist
The world was bit purposefully designed by an Omniscient, omnipotent God but rather it happened to exist by virtue of a series of happy accidents If no objective morality and meaning exist, then we are not beholden to it We ought therefore to create meaning and purpose in ourselves by ascribing to the values and the virtues we find best |
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What is meant by Existentialism is a humanism?
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We mean that man first of all exists, encounters himself, surges up in the world – and defines himself afterwards. If man as the existentialist sees him is not definable, it is because to begin with he is nothing. He will not be anything until later, and then he will be what he makes of himself. Thus, there is no human nature, because there is no God to have a conception of it. Man simply is. Not that he is simply what he conceives himself to be, but he is what he wills, and as he conceives himself after already existing – as he wills to be after that leap towards existence. Man is nothing else but that which he makes of himself. That is the first principle of existentialism
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What is meant by Existence precedes Essence?
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What’s the meaning of existence and does religion allow to afford own life or is it a panned life that you live and get rewarded
rules come before you first you exist, then you define value system, list of rules you want to live by (does not have to be completely original) ideas you’ve come to adopt you’ve skeptically analyzed and want to truly live, they give a person story of their life or life they are trying to shape |
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What is meant by subjectivity is the mean of departure?
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no prescribed truth, no one size fits all
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Existence Precedes essence?
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We must start from a subjective point, start from a point of subjectivity
There is no pre-packaged criteria for a meaningful existence, no predetermined set of moral rules, no prescribed truth, no definitive way one should lead her life We are both the sculptor and the sculpture, carving ourselves out |
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What are we saying we say God is a supernal artisan?
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When we think of God as the creator, we are thinking of him, most of the time, as a supernal artisan.God makes man according to a procedure and a conception, exactly as the artisan manufactures a paper-knife, following a definition and a formula. Thus each individual man is the realisation of a certain conception which dwells in the divine understanding.
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What are we saying we say God is a supernal artisan?
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A great creator who knows exactly what he is doing
The concept of man in the mind of God is like that of a cake in the mind of a baker Intelligent designer Man possess human nature conceived by God, to which we must adhere Rules, purpose, and meaning are pre-determined |
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What are the defenses Satre offers against objections to his opus, Being and Nothignness?
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1. That it encourages quietism and despair because of the inherent futility of existence, (Communists)
2. That it emphasizes pessimism, hopelessness, and all that is despicable about humanity 3. That it encourages isolated individualism rather than social solidarity because it is based on Cogito. Therefore, I am 4. That it denies the reality and validity of the human enterprise because it denies as agents designed by God is his image, and those objective values |
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What is meant by Humanism?
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A Philosophy that focuses on human values, emphasizing self-realization through reason and the rejection of religious principles
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Why do some say that existentialism is negative and depressing and why does Satre say it is more positive than gloomy?
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The perspective that says existentialism is negative and depressing reveals that the idea to strive is something bad, to go against the grain is something to be avoided and to err is to be human. They think we should hate our humanity, our bodies and the earth and love God, our, souls and Heaven. Satre says Existentialism is more positive because it offers individualism a new choice
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What are the two kinds of Extenisalists?
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1. Christian (Kierkegaard, Jaspes, Marcel)
2. Aesthetic (Heidgger, Satre, Camus) |
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What are the core principles of Aesthetic Extenisalism
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1. If God does not exist, then human essence proceeds from human existence; humans exist and carve out their own meaning, values and purpose
2. First man exists, then he defines himself 3. He is nothing, but he makes himself. Man is the measure, man is the measurer. 4. After being thrown into existence, man must become the designer (this is what is meant by subjectivity) 5. Think of yourselves as the craftsmen and the craft, the art of life (Mill) 6. Ask yourself how do I want to develop myself as a many sided person? 7. Man is what he projects himself to be, not what he wants to be 8 Projection is the means to get there, not just wishful thinking 9. The power of will is what enables man to shape his existence 10. Man must be conscious of his ability and therefore recognize his responsibility |
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Why is there a strong emphasis on responsibility in Aesthetic Extenisalism ?
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Because you are responsible for taking the reins of your existence. By taking responsibility for one’s existence, man takes it for all men
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What is meant by Subjectivism are why are we responsible?
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Subjectivism is the freedom of the individual to choose what she will be.
The human inability to transcend human subjectivity (to obtain objectivity, objective truth. understanding is where the fundamental meaning of existentialism resides In choosing for oneself, one chooses for all humans: when we act, our actions send a message to the world that we affirm the value of that which we choose, we think what we choose is good, then we think it’s good for all. giving it value not just for us but for everyone. When you choose something then you think it’s good for all, that has value not just for us but for everyone so responsibility is much greater If your life has value, it has much more more value than the context of your life, we are therefore responsible |
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What is behind Anguish?
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The feelings humans get when they fully realize the profound responsibility that rests on them and they want to reject it
When humans discover they are the lawmakers A description of how you act is simultaneously a prescription of how you think all should act |
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hat is behind Bad Faith and why is it a product of a bad conscience
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When someone attempts to shrink responsibility by saying “but everyone does not do what I do”
Is it to make excuses, and to think that one can do whatever one wants to do without sending a larger message to the world Product of a bad conscience |
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What is meant by abandonment?
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God does not exist
There are no transcendent values to which me must adhere |
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What is meant by “If God does not exist then everything is permissible?”
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There are no moral values that are priori true
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Why are we condemned to be free?
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We are thrown into the world, and the world throws things at us which we cannot control. Because we did not chose to be born, we are condemned to be free
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What is the opposite of Existentialism?
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Quietism
What we produce, creates reality reality exists only in action Existentialism is the opposite Quietism means man is nothing outside of his own project. He exists to the extent that he creates/realizes himself; he is nothing more than the sum of his action; he is his life |
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if all humans were to die then why would “genius” “2 o’clock” “fear” “good” not exist?
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Because these are the terms of the human language that help us to organize the world, they are not thing-in-themselves
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How is man more than his poetry, his music, his craft?
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Man is the sum of the total relations between those enterprises
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Nothing corresponds to a higher reality than?
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Conceived in God’s mind
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Why are Existentialists seen as optimists?
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There is hope in human creation
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Why are poor characters emerging in existentialist novels a description not a presciption?
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If one is describing a coward, he is saying that he is responsible for so being, not prescribing such a character Example: Someone born into a racist family has a greater force to work against, but they are not determined to be racist, and responsible for not being so (if equality is what he or she values) A person’s destiny lies within themselves
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When does man begin to exist?
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When he becomes self-aware. I think, therefore I am. This is the existential point of departure, where one begins to realize his existential situation. Existentialism endows man with dignity, and refrains from turning him into an object of God.
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The cognito is not only self-recognition but?
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The cognito is not only self-recognition but The recognition of others as well
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What is the idea of intersubjectivity?
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Man is thrust into a world in which he decides what he is, and what others are
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Can an Existentialist do whatever he wants?
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Certainly one has the freedom to choose whatever, but one is always responsible for what he or she does and will experience consequences Just as there are no predetermined rules in art, there are none in life; but art is made; and sometimes it is well received and other times it is not. Sometimes the artist successfully communicates his expression, sometimes he alienates and sometimes he pleases
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What do art and morality have in common?
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They are creation, invention and expression. We must think of ourselves as ongoing human creations, inventing ourselves, and having the responsibility to do so
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Can we judge others?
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Yes and no. When no? No when it’s a question of values. When yes? Yes because based on error and others on truth. We can judge when one is acting in bad faith (on a misunderstanding of the human condition)
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What is acting on good faith?
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Realizing one’s own freedom, responsibility and wanting to protect it and ensure the same in others
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What is meant by Life has no meaning: a priori
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Whatever value we choose, we choose. It is we who give life meaning, and value is nothing more than the meaning we give it
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Why is Satre a humanist?
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Satre is a humanist because he thinks that it is in continually projecting and losing himself beyond himself that a man realizes himself; it is this sense of transcendence that allows man to fully exist. Not divine transcendence, but human transcendence, man passes beyond himself ( This is why Existentialism is humanism)
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What is the increase in prisoners go to prison?
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In 1960’s was about 250,300 now about 2.3 million, a 600% increase
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Where did the idea of the Prison Industrial Complex Come from? Who’s idea?
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The Military Industrial Complex, Dwight D. Eisenhower
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We don’t want to think about the people going into prison, the violence, people in cages, fate reserved for others. Who are the others? What is othering?
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It’s not as if people are irrational and use no justification, there were and they were made “others” and othering was justified, they don’t get the same rights, they don’t get the same privileges. You don’t just “other” people, exclude people. The other’s features are extennsisaised. If you are a felon, that becomes who you are. The prison functions as site undesirables are deposited, prisons becomes the carpet which we sweep people under.
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Why is the Prison Industrial Complex called Industrial?
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Because you have an army of relationships: corporations, government, correctional facilities and media. Private and public industries all actors in a complex relationship and it is hard to see who has the most power
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What is meant by punishment has been severed from the crime?
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There is a more focus on punishment regardless of how much crime is being committed and what type of crime. As crime has been decreasing, incarceration has been increasing.
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What is Davis most concerned of?
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Corporation profit based on incarcerating people, tying into racism and who is in prison
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What is the Political Industrial Complex?
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The prison industrial complex (PIC) is a term we use to describe the overlapping interests of government and industry that use surveillance, policing, and imprisonment as solutions to economic, social and political problems.
Through its reach and impact, the PIC helps and maintains the authority of people who get their power through racial, economic and other privileges. There are many ways this power is collected and maintained through the PIC, including creating mass media images that keep alive stereotypes of people of color, poor people, queer people, immigrants, youth, and other oppressed communities as criminal, delinquent, or deviant. This power is also maintained by earning huge profits for private companies that deal with prisons and police forces; helping earn political gains for “tough on crime” politicians; increasing the influence of prison guard and police unions; and eliminating social and political dissent by oppressed communities that make demands for self-determinati |
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How are MIC and PIC Symbiotic?
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They have a lot of the small central structure, doing the same things, support each other, military aspects are in a prison, think of what a prison looks like, symbiotic in how they are structured they are both profit centered, elected officials incumbent on certain principles of them and Panoptic principles of prison
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How are the Prison Industrial Complex and The Military Industrial Complex similar?
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Like the military/industrial complex, the prison/industrial complex is an interweaving of private business and government interests. Its twofold purpose is profit and social control. Its public rationale is the fight against crime. Like fear of communism during the Cold War, fear of crime is a great selling tool for a dubious product. Not so long ago, communism was “the enemy” and communists were demonized as a way of justifying gargantuan military expenditures. Now, fear of crime and the demonization of criminals serve a similar ideological purpose: to justify the use of tax dollars for the repression and incarceration of a growing percentage of our population. The omnipresent media blitz about serial killers, missing children, and “random violence” feeds our fear. In reality, however, most of the “criminals” we lock up are poor people who commit nonviolent crimes out of economic need.
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What kinds of values do prisons have?
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Humans not allowed to receive basic moral treatment, dollar signs in your eyes and see the potential for profit, produce all sorts of commodities and devour public funds
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How has prison become a profit centered industry?
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The arenas that support the prison make money; uniforms for the prisoners, health care, etc not to mention the economy that exists within prisons
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What accounts for the movement of mass incarceration?
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Politics of fear, during the same period when crime was declining, incarceration was climbing, there was no distinction with the decrease of crime
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Why is privatization bad in this case?
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Prison is about the exploitation for the sake of profit, like laborers after the Civil War. If you look at statistics, they are targeting people of color.
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What are the solutions to the prison problem?
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The biggest thing to recognize is not to separate for something else, new alternatives is the idea and new standards will be a way forward. This has not always been around, when you accept it as a give, you make it inevitable. We have to understand justice in a new way or understand punishment in a new way by reformulating the notion of justice Have the find most effective way to reduce the repetisism rate.
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What do we have to reject and what do have to safeguard against?
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Reject notion of punishment as a source of profit, safeguard against racist and classist of prison systems
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What does an abolitionist vision?
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A abolitionist vision means that we must build models today that can represent how we want to live in the future. it means developing practical strategies for taking small steps that move us forward, making our dreams real and lead us all to believe that things could really be different, means living this vision in our daily lives. Abolition is both a practical organizing tool and a long-term goal.
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What Philosophical ideas is Foucault associated with?
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Post-modernism, post structuralism and theory of modernity
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What nationality is Foucault?
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French
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What is the purpose of the Panopticon?
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To centralize supervision
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How does the Panopticon function? What is meant by the conscious and permanent visibility assures automatic functioning of power
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Guards see but are not seen, prisoners are seen but cannot see
It stifles communication between them It is a collection of separated, isolated individuals Maximizes efficiency, ensures control |
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Surveillance is effectively _____________, even if not always running
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Surveillance is effectively permanent, even if not always running.
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People and technical operation are ______ ___________ _____________ to exercise power. For this reason the power relation is sustained by what?
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No longer necessary. The power relation is sustained by the mere fear of the prisoner, the condition to think they are always being observed.
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Betham: power should be “________ and _________”
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Power should be visible and unverifiable
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How should power always be visible and unverifiable?
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Visible , that the prisoners can always see the tower. Unverifiable that they are unsure if the guard is in it.
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Seeing and unseeing dislocates the what?
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The seeing/being dyad. It automatizes, deinvidualiztes and immerataizalizes power; it becomes systemic; structural
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How is the Panopticon observational?
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There is an analytic arrangement of space that guarantees efficiency, certainty. There are conditions for observing, numbering, studying.
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How is the Panopticon a Laboratory?
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Experiments, behavioral correction, medicine, punishments, labor instructions, education, Even experimenters are under watch so they can be arranged, altered as well. It changes behavior. Knowledge follows from advances in power
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The structure of the Panopticon is a generalizable model of the
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The structure of the Panoptcon is a generalizable model of the functioning
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What kind of system is the Panopticon?
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An architectural and optical system
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The Panopticon is a political technology detached from what?
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Specific use
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How does the Panopticon exercise power?
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Reduces the number of those who exercise it
Increases the number of those upon which it is exercised It can intervene at any moment but does not actually have to Does not need physical instruments (power over mind) Assures economy Assures efficiency A great instrument of power |
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How does power penetrate within the Panopitcon?
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Power Penetrates within the people, allowing greater control
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The power functions are now __________ _________
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The Power functions are now mutually constitutive, power is fully on display
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The Observers ___________, but anyone can _________ the________
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The Observers observe but anyone can observe the observers
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How can the Panopticon facilitate progress and what was the increase of power due to?
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It can facilitate progress by it being continually exercised (in fundamental but subtle ways) and the fact that it functions outside traditional instruments of power
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What is new “political anatomy” founded on?
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Not on relations of sovereignty, but on relations of discipline
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What are the two images of discipline?
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1. Discipline-blockade (physical structure)
2. Discipline-Mechanism (functional structure) improves efficiency of power |
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What does generalized surveillance rest on?
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Historical transformation
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What are the types of power identified with discipline?
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1. Institution
2. Apparatus |
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How does discipline have “anatomy of power?”
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Discipline is a technology. Set of instruments, techniques, procedures, applications, targets, institutions.
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What are the disciplines or techniques for ordering human multiplicities, tactics of power that ensure discipline?
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To use power with economic efficiency
To build up power to maximum efficiency To increase docility and utility for subjects Use of social devices to ensure a manageable multitude |
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How does discipline function under the Panopticon?
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Arrests, regulates, alters behavior
Procedures for partitioning and vertically reinforces socially hierarchy Multiplicity is used to grow and sustain itself Accumulation of men=accumulation of capital can be separated Technical mode of living, of organizing society; industrial |
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What does capitalism underwrite?
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the anatomy of power
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The Panoptic modality of power is ______ of ________ political structure
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The Panoptic modality of power is independent of a larger political structure
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How is Panopticon sustained?
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in tiny; everyday mechanisms. Micro power; hierarchical, asymmetrical
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Disciplines are _______ ________
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Disciplines are infra law= counter law; introduces asymmetries=excludes reciprocities
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What does the Panopitcon create?
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The Panopticon creates a private link between individuals, relations of constraint, surplus subordination creating class domination
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What does confided power to punish become
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Confided power to punish becomes disciplinary power to observe
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Where does obedience come from?
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Obedience comes from not universal consciousness of law, but from minute web of Panoptic techniques
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What are the functions of the formation of knowledge within the Panopticon?
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Increases of power circularity reinforce one another, knowledge is power (to over power), inquisitional technique, prison is a laboratory for knowledge production
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What characterizes the criminal (felon) in the Panopticon?
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His life, not his act. He is characterized as an irreversible individual.
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What is criminology?
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The study of criminals
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What is the delinquent in the Panopticon?
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object of study, observation, experiment
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