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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Socrates' definition of death |
the separation of the soul from the body, it is to be welcomed |
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First argument (death and life are opposites) |
“Whatever has an opposite comes to be only from its opposite.” (70e) Death and life are opposites. ------------------------------ Therefore, living things come from dead things, and dead things come from livingthings. |
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Second argument (Recycling of death and life) |
If things that have died didn’t return to life, then everything would end up dead. Everything hasn’t ended up dead. ------------------------------ Therefore, things that have died return to life. |
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possibilities for characterization of conscious mental state |
A state that has distinctive qualitative feels (“qualia”). A state that gives the subject a unique perspective on the rest of the world. A state that includes a certain sort of self-awareness (self-consciousness). |
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Universals |
When we say two things are both circular, we’re not just saying they are similar.We are saying that they are similar in a particular way—in their circularity.This circularity itself—the thing that all circular objects share—seems to existbeyond all the objects that have it. Furthermore, if we destroyed all the circularobjects in the world, we wouldn’t have destroyed circularity itself! |
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Forms |
According to Plato, the forms are universals that are perfect and existbeyond the realm of experience. |
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The argument from recollection |
(P1) To be reminded of a thing, a person must have been acquainted with that thingpreviously. (73c) (P2) One can be reminded of a thing by something else which is somewhat dissimilarto it. (74a) (P3) When we compare something to the thing that reminded us of it, we find that thereminder falls short of the original. (74d) (P4) To judge that something falls short, one must be acquainted with the thing it fallsshort of. (74e) (P5) Some things do indeed remind us of flatness, but we judge that they fall short oftrue flatness. (74e) --------------------------------------- (C) Therefore, we must have been acquainted with the form of flatness before we evermade any judgments that things were flat. (WE MUST HAVE KNOWN THE FORMS BEFORE BIRTH) |
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The argument for indispersability |
(A) If something is incomposite, it is indispersable. (B) If something is unvarying (constant), it is incomposite. ----------------------- (U) If something is unvarying (constant), it is indispersable. (F) Things of the kind that are invisible (cannot be sensed) are unvarying (constant). (G) Souls are more similar to the kind that are invisible (cannot be sensed) than to sensible things. ----------------------- (I) Souls are more similar to things that are unvarying (constant) than to things that are variable. (C) The forms are unvarying (constant). (S) When the soul studies alone, it is acquainted with the forms ----------------------- (H) When the soul studies alone, it is acquainted with what is unvarying (constant). (H) When the soul studies alone, it is acquainted with what is unvarying (constant). (L) For something to be acquainted with something, the two things must be alike. ----------------------- (I) Souls are more similar to things that are unvarying (constant) than to things that are variable. (U) If something is unvarying (constant), it is indispersable. (I) Souls are more similar to things that are unvarying (constant) than to things that are variable. ----------------------- (Z) Souls are indispersable (or nearly so). (79b) |
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The attunement objection |
A body having a soul is like an instrument being in tune, if you replace "soul" with "attunement" in the indispersbility argument, it doesn't make sense. |
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socrates rebuttles to atunement objection |
(1) We’ve already accepted the theory of recollection, which entails that thesoul learned things before it entered the body. But you can’t have anattunement before the instrument exists. (92b-92d) (2) The soul sometimes opposes the body (like when the body wants onething and the soul resists). Attunement can’t oppose the instrument inwhich it exists. (93a, 94b-94e) (3) Attunements come in degrees (and they would have to since, on theattunement theory, a vicious soul would have to be one that was less welltuned).But Souls don’t come in degrees. (93a-94b) |
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essential properties of an object |
Essential properties of an object are, roughly, the properties that things of that typehave necessarily. |
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The argument from essence |
(P1) Being alive is an essential property of the soul. (105d) (P2) Being dead is the opposite of being alive. (105d) (P3) If something has an essential property, then when the opposite propertyadvances, that thing will either perish or get out of the way. (103d) ------------------------------ (C1) When death advances, the soul will either perish or get out of the way. (C1) When death advances, the soul will either perish or get out of the way. (P4) The soul is immortal. (105e) (P5) Things that are immortal cannot perish. (106b) ------------------------------ (C) When death advances, the soul will get out of the way. (106d) |
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working definition of personal identity |
Person A at time t1 and Person B at subsequent time t2 are the same person iff (1) it is correct for Person A to anticipate the experiences of Person B, and (2) it is correct for Person B to remember the experiences of Person A(including taking pride in accomplishments and regretting errors). |
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Soul theory |
What makes me the same person as the person lecturing on Monday is that it’sthe same soul in the body both times.and, so. . .What makes a person survive death of the body is that the soul the person hadwhile embodied still exists once the body is gone. |
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gretchens argument against the soul theory |
(P1) The soul theory says that sameness of a person over time is due to the sameness ofthe soul over that time. (P2) You cannot be absolutely certain you have the same soul you had a few minutes ago. ---------------------------- (C1) According to the soul theory, you cannot be absolutely certain you are the sameperson you were a few minutes ago. (C1) According to the soul theory, you cannot be absolutely certain you are the sameperson you were a few minutes ago. (P4) If a particular theory of personal identity entails that you cannot be absolutelycertain you are the same person you were a few minutes ago, then that theory isincorrect. ---------------------------- (C) The soul theory is incorrect |
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gretchens argument against the personality theory |
Gretchen identifies the problem: “Many men who think they are Napoleon claimto remember losing the battle of Waterloo.” (p. 27), and that What if the memories of one being are appropriately caused simultaneously in twoseparate beings. E.g., what if God creates (appropriately causes) correct memories ina clone of you? |
