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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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GENETIC FALLACY |
Originof claim used as reason why claim istrue or false |
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COMPOSITION |
PIS TRUE OF ONE PART OF SOMETHING ! PIS TRUE OF THE WHOLE THING |
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DIVISION |
PIS TRUE OF THE WHOLE THING ! PIS TRUE OF ONE SPECIFIC PART OF THING |
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APPEAL TO THE PERSON |
Adhominem (to the person) XSAY P + X HAS SOME NEGATIVE TRAIT PIS NOT TRUE Name Calling |
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AD HOMINEMS |
UQUOQUE “YOU’REANOTHER”OR THE POT CALLING THE KETTLE BLACK XHAS A VESTED INTEREST IN THE TRUTH OF P PIS UNTRUE |
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EQUIVOCATION |
SWITCHINGMEANING OF WORD IN MID SENTENCE OR IN ARGUMENT, EITHER PREMISES OR CONCLUSIONS. |
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APPEAL TO POPULARITY |
appeal to majority
Everyone(or almost everyone) believes X, Xis true |
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APPEAL TO TRADITION |
Truthof claim is dependent on being part of tradition. “Iwas brought up to believe that X is true, therefore X is true” |
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APPEAL TO IGNORANCE |
Useof lack of evidence for support of claim PHAS NOT BEEN PROVED FALSE (OR TRUE) P IS TRUE |
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APPEAL TO EMOTION |
ANEMOTIONAL RESPONSE OCCURS DUE TO P PIS TRUE OR P IS FALSE |
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RED HERRING |
USEOF HERRINGS TO DIVERT THE SMELL OF A HOUND DOG AWAY FROM THE CRIMINAL’SPATH. PROPOSITIONP IS TRUE PROPOSITIONQ IS TRUE |
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STRAW MAN |
MISREPRESENTATION,DISTORTION, OVERSIMPLIFYING AN ARGUMENT OR CLAIM OR THEORY TO WEAKEN IT ANDFIND IT FAULTY. Reinterpretclaim X so it is weak or absurd ClaimX is faulty or untrue |
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Beggingthe Question or Circular Argument |
P(a claim is made) P(same claim is made) SAMECLAIM IS PREMISE AND CONCLUSION! |
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FALSE DILEMMA |
Presents only 2 alternatives, rejects oneso as to assert the other. |
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Slippery Slope |
Takingsome step will lead down a slope towards some undesirable consequence |
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Hasty Generalization |
Drawinga conclusion about a group or about all events from the experience of one or anindividual. (Stereotypes) (inadequate sample) |
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Faulty Analogy |
Context: argument by analogy Fault: comparing different things oressentially different things as if they were sufficiently similar E.g. Watch and Intelligent design |
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RATIONALIZATION |
Defending ourselves and ourbeliefs. |
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THE ALMIGHTY SELF! |
SELF-INTERESTED THINKING: allthinking is self-involved and interested. |
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FACE-SAVING |
When we defend our beliefs toprevent others from thinking badly about us. |
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WISHFUL THINKING |
a strong desire that somethingshould conform to one’s wishes. “Reading in” these desires: self-fulfillingthought |
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GROUP THINK |
The pressure of the group, anygroup, over the individual. The tragedy of losing oneself in the Borg hive! |
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Peer Pressure Appeal to Popularity Appeal to Common Practice |
Our group is the best:Identification with a group and then idealization of it. “We-are-better” Pressure: perhapsmost powerful of all. |
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BIAS AND PREJUDICE |
pre-judgment, also lack ofjudgment due to insufficient reasons. Bias: an inclination or tendencyof temperament, outlook. |
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WORLDVIEWS |
vague, general and confused“philosophies” of life. Sometimes “ideologies” |
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SUBJECTIVE RELATIVISM |
Truth is relative to anddependent entirely on the subject and her/his beliefs. “It may be true for you but it isnot true for me.” |
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SOCIAL RELATIVISM |
Truth and reality are dependenton the society or culture or community. Something may be true forCanadians but not for The Chinese. |
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SKEPTICISM |
Presupposition that knowledge, orabsolute knowledge, or reliable knowledge, is impossible |
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REASONABLE DOUBT |
C.T. and assessment of degrees ofreasonable doubt |
