Phil 125 - Test #1 Study Guide

Front 1

psychological egoism

Back 1

an example of a scientific or descriptive approach. Psychological egoism states that all humans act in their own self-interest.

People always act in their own self interest

Front 2

normative ethics

Back 2

prescriptive statements that tell another person what she/he should do. They prescribe a certain behavior or conduct. (eg. You should never tell a lie)

Front 3

ethical egoism

Back 3

an example of normative, or prescriptive, ethics. Ethical egoism states that everyone should act in his/her own interest.

Front 4

teleological theories of morality

Back 4

these theories always take into consideration what the consequences of my actions will be

Front 5

individual ethical egoism

Back 5

everyone should to act in my own self-interest

Front 6

personal ethical egoism

Back 6

I should act in my own self-interest, but I make no claims about what other people should do

Front 7

universal egoism

Back 7

everyone should act in his/her own self interest

Front 8

deontological theories of morality & virtue ethics

Back 8

(non-consequentialist) these theories say that moral actions are chosen by us based on something other than consequences. Consequences do not enter into the decision making.

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Act Nonconsequentialist Theory

Back 9

INTUITIONISM - If it feels good, do it

Front 10

Kant's Duty Ethics

Back 10

Morality based upon reasoning alone and good will

Front 11

Ross' Prima Facie Duties

Back 11

Prima facie means "at first glance" or "on the surface of things." A prima facie duty is one that all human beings must obey in a general way before any other considerations enter into the picture. Fidelity, reparation, gratitude, justice, beneficence, self-improvement, non maleficence (non-jury)

A prima facie duty is one that all human beings must obey in a general way before any other considerations enter into the picture

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Virtue Ethics

Back 12

virtue is defined as "the quality of moral excellence, righteousness, and responsibility... a specific type of moral excellence or other exemplary quality considered meritorious; a worthy practical or ideal." The "cardinal" or "natural" virtues are listed as "justice, prudence, fortitude, and temperance"

Front 13

Casuists

Back 13

look to moral principles, law, religion, and related areas to decide concrete cases. We say they have an adjudicative functions. (Examples of casuist include judges, mediators, friends, and family)

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Ethical Theorists

Back 14

systematically question and critically examine the underlying principles of morality. They deliberate (Usually, these are philosophers)

Front 15

What is the Greek and Judeo-Christian tradition?

Back 15

Greek: Happiness/Eudaemonia
Judeo/Christian: Duty

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Protagoras

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(a Sophist) said "Man is the measure of all things."

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Gorgias

Back 17

(a Sophist) offered to teach anyone who paid him well how to argue for anything whatsoever, true or false, good or bad

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Thrasymachus

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(a Sophist) praises the advantages of injustice in political and economic affairs, Happiness, he claims, comes from injustice and not from justice

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Hedonism

Back 19

the idea that pleasure equals the good. Socrates showed that logically, this is not the case

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Eufhyphro

Back 20

concerning the nature of piety (Written by Plato, inspired by Socrates)

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The Republic

Back 21

Plato's best known work concerning justice

Front 22

Who said "Happiness comes from injustice, not justice."

Back 22

Thrasymachus

Front 23

Who said "The Unexamined Life is not worth living."

Back 23

Socrates

Front 24

Telelogical Theories

Back 24

This theory always takes into consideration what the consequences of my actions will be (objective, purpose, etc)

Front 25

What is the famous school that Plato set up in Athens?

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The Academy

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Relativists

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believe that there is no truth. They state that there is no absolute truths. They believe that everything is relative.

Front 27

Deontological Theories

Back 27

These theories say that moral actions are chosen by us based on something other than consequences. Consequences do not enter into the decision making

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Moralists

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tell us what they think we ought to do and exhort us to follow their injunctions (Usually, moralists are religious leaders)

Front 29

Social Scientists

Back 29

describe how people actually behave

Front 30

Thrasymachus says that the real reason we espouse justice is _____.

Back 30

FEAR

Front 31

What is displayed when we present harmony? (mind, body, and soul)

Back 31

Justice

Front 32

Plato emphasizes that a balance of the three parts of the soul (reason, desire and appetite) will lead to _____.

Back 32

health

Front 33

Plato defines virtue as the health and beauty and well-being of the ____.

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soul

Front 34

What is the ultimate knowledge upon which moral virtues is based? Plato answers

Back 34

Knowledge of the Good

Front 35

What does Plato think is higher that justice?

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The Good

Front 36

The ____ is the provenance, or the author, of all other virtues and good things such as science, truth, knowledge

Back 36

The Good

Front 37

Who said "The unexamined life is not worth living."

Back 37

Socrates

Front 38

Who said "How even you yourself acknowledge that logic is necessary, since without its assistance you cannot so much as to known it is necessary of not"

Back 38

Epictetus

Front 39

Who said "Well, then, Socrates you shall ask these little piddling questions, since Gorgias wishes you to have them."

Back 39

Cailicles

Front 40

Everyone should act on, or follow that moral rule that will bring about the greatest good (or happiness) for the greatest number of people concerned

Back 40

Act and Rule Utilitarianism