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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the meaning of philosophy?
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lover of wisdom
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who is the father of logic?
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Aristotle
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what is a sufficient condition?
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being a dog is a sufficient condition for being an animal
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what is a neccessary condition?
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being an animal is a necessary condition for being a dog
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what is a deductive argument?
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if the conclusion is claimed to follow with strict certainty or neccesity
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what is an inductive argument?
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if the conclusion is claimed to follow only with probability
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what is a sound argument?
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a deductive argument that is valid and has all true premises
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what is an unsound argument?
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a deductive argument that is invalid, has one or more false premises, or both
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what is a valid deductive argument?
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an argument in which it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true
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what is an invalid deductive argument?
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an argument where it is possible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true
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what is a cogent argument?
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an inductive argument that is strong and has all true premises
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what is an uncogent argument?
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an inductive argument that is weak, has one or more false premises, or both
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what is a strong inductive argument?
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an inductive in which it is improbable that the conclusion be false given that the premises are true
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what is a weak inductive argument?
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an argument in which the conclusion does not follow probably from the premises, even though it is claimed to
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what is the total evidence requirement?
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leaving out valuable information, ex) it's 70 degrees and sunny outside; a beautiful day to go for a hike, but you left out that bears have been seen in the area
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what is a substitution instance?
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an argument that is produced by uniformly substituting terms or statements in place of the letters in an argument form
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what is an appeal to force?
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a threat, harm will come to the person if they don't accept the conclusion
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what is an appeal to pity?
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occurs when the arguer attempts to support a conclusion by evoking pity, student to instructor
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what is an appeal to the people?
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arguer excites a large number of people (politician), or an individual, bandwagon approach
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what is an argument against the person?
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2 arguers, one person has an argument, other person responds with attack on the person
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what is a fallacy of accident?
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when a general rule is misapplied to a specific case
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what is missing the point?
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an argument irrelevant to the conclusion
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what is a red herring?
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when an arguer diverts the attention of the listener by changing the subject to a subtly related one
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what are main operators?
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the operator in a compound statement that governs th largest components in the statement
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what does ~ stand for?
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negation
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what does . stand for?
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and, conjunct
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what does v stand for?
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or, unless
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what does ) stand for?
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if...then
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what does = stand for?
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if and only if
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what is a contingent statement?
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at least one true and one false in a truth table
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what is a self-contradictory statement?
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all false in a truth table
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what is tautologous statement?
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all true in a truth table
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what is a logically equivalent statement?
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same truth value on each line
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what is a contradictory statement?
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opposite truth values on each line
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what is a consistent statement?
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there is at least one line on which the truth values are both true
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what is an inconsistent statement?
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there is no line on which the truth values are both true
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