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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Entitlement Theory
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a distribution is just if and only if people are entitled to what they have and have what they are entitled to
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Historical Conception of Justice
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a distribution is just if and only if it came about through the right process
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End State Conception of Justice
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tells us how a society should end up if it is just
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Patterned Conception of Justice
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a certain pattern of distribution is just
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Negative Liberty
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freedom from constraint (Locke, Nozick, Rawls)
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Positive Liberty
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freedom to realize one's life plan (Rousseau, Rawls)
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Positive Desert
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a person has done good things and therefore deserves good things
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Negative Desert
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a person has done bad things and therefore deserves bad things
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Bourgeoisie
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capitalists, people who own the means of production
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Proletarians
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workers
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Deductive Validity
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an argument is deductively valid onky when all of the premises are true then the conclusion must be true
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Inductive Argument
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premises lend some degree of probability (<100%) to the truth of its conclusion
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Political Power
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the ability to make people do what you want them to do
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Political Authority
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the right to make people do what you want them to do
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Political Obligation
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the obligation of people to do as the political authority commands
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Political Anarchism
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government does not have political authority AND it should not be obeyed
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Philosophical Anarchism
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government does not have political authority but it may be beneficial to obey it
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Divine Authority
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rulers authority comes from God, may be God or a descendent of God, or is deputized by God
problems: - how does you prove you were chosen by god? - prone to abuse of power |
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Natural Authority
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there are natural masters who have reason and there are natural slaves who lack reason and autonomy
problems: - ignores the influence of the environment - women and slaves in greek society often performed complex tasks requiring reason |
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Perfectionism
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political authority comes from a knowledge of the good life
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Consent based view
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some sort of agreement exist that "grants" political authority to a ruler or government
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Fundamental Law of Nature (Hobbes)
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being in the state of nature a person has the right to whatever they need to survive including other peoples' bodies
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Basic rule of evolution
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a trait will be selected for if it increases an organism's chances of survival and reproduction; a trait will be selected against if it decreases an organism's chances of survival and reproduction
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Biological Altruism
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behavior that lowers an individual's chances of survival and reproduction success but helps others of its species
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Kin Selection Theory
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altruism that is directed toward relatives can be selected for because relatives share many of the same genes
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Reciprocal Altruism
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behaving altruistically toward those who we expect to return the favor
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Indirect Reciprocal Altruism
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behaving altruistically in the "hopes" that others who witness the behavior will behave altruistically toward the actor (reputation building)
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Group Altruism
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groups with altruists can be selected for if they do better than groups without altruists
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Law of Nature (Locke)
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being all equal and independent no one ought to harm another in his life, liberty, or property
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Natural Rights (4)
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1. right to enforce laws and punish those who wrong us
2. right to seek reparations from those who wrong us 3. right to life and the basic necessities of life 4. right to your body and the labor provided thereof |
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Lockean Social Contract (2)
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- agreement for a civil society in the form of a government
- agreement between the citizens and the elected rulers |
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Political Liberalism
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views humans as free and equal moral persons, emphasizes liberty and freedom, claims people should be free to develop their own life plans
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Egalitarianism
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equality is the most important value
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Communitarianism
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emphasizes a shared conception of the good
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4 Primary Social Goods
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1. rights and liberties
2. powers and opportunites 3. income and wealth 4. self-respect |
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Justice as Fairness Theory
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a just society is one that is fair and a fair society is one that everyone would agree to in principle
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Maximin Rule
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maximize what you would have if you wind up in the worst position in society
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Liberty Principle
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each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive scheme of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar scheme of liberties to others
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Difference Principle
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social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both reasonably expected to be to everyone's advantage
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Utility Principle
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all social values and goods should be arranged so as to maximize the total amount of happiness
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Equality Principle
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all social values and goods should be distributed equally
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Hobbes' 4 Facts of the State of Nature
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1. equality of human need
2. relative scarcity of resources 3. equality of human power 4. limited human altruism |
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Hobbes' Social Contract (3)
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- people agree to give up their power to a ruler
- contract between the subjects of the state - ruler uses power to enforce contracts between the subjects |
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Criticisms of Hobbes (4)
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1. did the state of nature ever exist?
2. how do we all cede our power to one ruler? 3. why would we all agree to give up our power? 4. why think the ruler would treat us well? |
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Limitations on Personal Property (2)
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1. you can only take as much property as you can use before it spoils
2. you must leave as much in common as you take |
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Motivations for leaving the State of Nature (3)
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1. some people are irrational and may not recognize the natural rights of others
2. even otherwise rational people are biased in their own favor 3. it is difficult to enforce the law of nature in the state of nature |
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Aims of the Lockean Commonwealth
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1. clear and settled laws
2. impartial judges 3. sufficent power in the political association to enforce laws 4. to protect our personal property |
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Criticisms of Locke (2)
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1. did we ever give our consent?
2. tyranny of the majority/abuse of power |
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Principle of Justice in Acquisition
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you are entitled to x if x was previously unowned and you took it out of the state of nature
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Principle of Justice in Transfer
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you are entitled to x if x's previous owner voluntarily transferred ownership of x to you
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Principle of Rectification of Injustice
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you are entitled to x if you would have had x if you had not been hindered in some way from aquiring x via principle 1 or 2
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Criticisms of Nozick (5)
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1. assumes you are entitled to your natural talents and abilities
2. assumes that your individual property rights are absolute 3. not plausibe when acquiring goods requires a background of social cooperation 4. not applicable in modern societies 5. leads to extreme inequalities of wealth and power |
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Why should we treat people as they deserve to be treated?
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respects their human dignity and helps them have control over their lives
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Rousseau
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society corrupts people, therefore a just society's main job is to guard against inequalities
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Basis of Desert
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always based on past actions
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Hume
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the uniqueness of the actually world creates the need for property and laws
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Criticisms of Marx (2)
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1. is communism reasonable in a large group?
2. are marx's criticisms of capitalism relevant today? |
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Scope of Political Authority
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limits, what government can and cannot do
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Locke's Theory of Property
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something in the state of nature can become a person's property if they mix their labor with it
problems: - is it always the case that mixing your labor with something makes it yours? - do you have to improve that with which you mix your labor? |
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Hobbes' State of Nature (2)
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- war of all against all
- cooperation is impossible |
