Phil 102 Mindterm 2

Front 1

Ambiguity

Back 1

lacks clarity; can be interpreted in @least 2 diff/distinct interpretations
ex: she is cold

Front 2

Vagueness

Back 2

vague claims are imprecise can be interpreted w/in a range of possible meanings

Front 3

Analytical definitions

Back 3

analyzes; tells what the thing is

Front 4

Stipulating definition

Back 4

coin a phrase (introduce new term) can be used to stipulate a special meaning for a word

Front 5

Precising definition

Back 5

used to eliminate vagueness

Front 6

Etymological definitions

Back 6

dealing with the word orgin or history

Front 7

Euphemism

Back 7

inoffensive way of saying something unpleasent

Front 8

Dysphenmism

Back 8

a word or phrase used to produce a negative effect on a reader or listeners attitudes about something.

Front 9

Hypothetical Syllogismis : modus ponens

Back 9

P1: if A then B
P2: A

C: B

Front 10

Hypothetical Syllogisms: Modus Tollens

Back 10

P1: If A then B
P2: not B

C: Not A

Front 11

Hypothetical Syllogisms: Chain Argument

Back 11

P1: If A then B
P2: If B then C

C: If A then C

Front 12

Disjunctive Syllogisms

Back 12

P1: Either A or B
P2: not A

C: B

Front 13

Categorical Syllogisms: Valid Syllogism #1

Back 13

P1: All A are B
P2: All B are C

C: All A are C

Front 14

Categorical Syllogisms: Valid Syllogism #2

Back 14

P1: All A are B
P2: No B are C

C: No A are C

Front 15

Formal fallacies

Back 15

can be detected by merely examining the form of the argument
Example: Affirming the Consequent

Front 16

Informal Fallacies

Back 16

can only be detected by examining the content of an argument

Front 17

Fallacies of Relevance (families)

Back 17

“argument” from popularity
common practice, tradition, nationalism, peer pressure, group think
“argument” from force
“argument” from pity
apple polishing
ad hominem (all varieties)
straw man
red herring

Front 18

Fallacies of Weak Induction (family)

Back 18

Hasty generalization
Biased sample
Weak analogy
Appeal to unqualified authority
Slippery slope

Front 19

Fallacies of Presumption (family)

Back 19

Loaded question
False dilemma
Begging the question

Front 20

Argument from Outrage

Back 20

When anger functions as a premise

Front 21

Scare Tactics/Argument by Force

Back 21

When fear functions as a premise

Front 22

Argument from Pity

Back 22

When sympathy functions as a premise

Front 23

Apple Polishing

Back 23

When flattery motivates premises

Front 24

Peer Pressure/Group Think

Back 24

When need for approval or belonging motivates premises

Front 25

Argument from Popularity/ Tradition/Common Practice

Back 25

When a widely-held belief that something is true or right is deemed sufficient support

Front 26

Two Wrongs Fallacy

Back 26

When wrong is taken for right

Front 27

Red Herring/Smokescreen

Back 27

answer did not address question.
if no other fallacy applies

Front 28

Ad Hominem

Back 28

Attacking the person instead of their argument

Front 29

Abusive ad hominem

Back 29

attack the person directly

Front 30

Circumstantial ad hominem

Back 30

attack the persons circumstances or motives

Front 31

Tu quoque - Inconsistency ad hominem

Back 31

a charge of hypocrisy or inconsistency

Front 32

False Dilemma

Back 32

Limits consideration to only two options although other alternatives are available

Front 33

False Dilema: Perfectionist Fallacy

Back 33

done perfect or not done at all

Front 34

False Dilema: Line drawing

Back 34

if you cant draw the line it didnt happen

Front 35

Genetic Fallacy

Back 35

attacking source/roots of argument

Front 36

poisoning the well

Back 36

as hominem in advance
attacking the person before the messege or argument takes place

Front 37

slippery slope

Back 37

weak induction
domino argumen

Front 38

burden of proof

Back 38

burden is on the person making the claim

Front 39

Fallacies of Gramatical Analogy (family)

Back 39

fallacy of composition
fallacy of division

Front 40

Fallacy of Hasty generalization

Back 40

generalizing from too small a sample

Front 41

Straw Man

Back 41

disstorts someones opinions before they hear the argument

Front 42

Stereotype

Back 42

may function as an unexamined assumption behind a premise

Front 43

Innuendo

Back 43

a suggestion/implicatio that is made indirectly
often creates a negative impression

Front 44

loaded question

Back 44

often a yes or no question that rests on unwarranted or unjustified assumptions

Front 45

weaslers

Back 45

an expression used to protect a claim from criticism by weakening it

Front 46

downplayers

Back 46

and expression used to play down or diminish the importance of a claim

Front 47

hyperbole

Back 47

extravagant overstatement

Front 48

proof surrogate

Back 48

an expression used to suggest that there is evidence or authority for a claim without actually saying there is