Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Argument
|
Identifiable piece of reasoning in which a point is expressed and reasons are offered for that point.
A group of statements, one of which is claimed to follow from the others. Always contains conclusion, something premise |
|
|
Conclusion
|
The statement whose truth is claimed to follow from some evidence. Main point of the argument. Is either True or False.
|
|
|
Premise
|
Statement(s) which assert evidence in support of a conclusion being true. Can be multiple premises.
|
|
|
Classes of WFFs
|
Expressions that are well-formed.
Simple: Q, R, S, T, etc...( atomic statements) Complex: Negation, Conjunction, Disjunction, Conditional, Bi-conditional |
|
|
Clue Words
|
Words used to signal premises or the conclusion.
|
|
|
Premise Clue Words
|
since, because, for, for the reason that, in that, due to the fact that, given that, may be concluded from
|
|
|
Conclusion Clue Words
|
therefore, thus, hence, it follows that, it must be that, we may conclude that, we may infer that, implies that, entails that, consequently, so
|
|
|
Connective Strength
|
~ is strongest
& and v equal: next strongest arrow: next strongest double arrow: weakest |
|
|
Sentence Variable
|
Stands for any simple/atomic sentence in natural language.
Element of formal language. |
|
|
Metavariable
|
Complex sentence.
Represents the logical form of ANY WFF in sentential logic. |
|
|
Unary Connective
|
~ The Negation
|
|
|
Binary Connectives
|
& The Conjunction
v The Disjunction Arrow: The Conditional Double Arrow: The Biconditional |
|
|
Ambiguity
|
A WFF without parentheses
Ex: P v Q & R |
|
|
Denial
|
~P for non-negations
P or ~~P for negations |
|
|
Expression
|
Any sequence of symbols
Ex: P) & v Q (R |
|
|
Sentence
|
WFF
Only 6 sentences |
|
|
Deductive
|
Conclusion follows NECESSARILY from premise(s)
Premises "entail" conclusion |
|
|
Inductive
|
Conclussion PROBABLY follows premise(s)
Contingent connection (Generalization, causation, analogy) |
|
|
Empirical Statement
|
Truth-value is determined by observation and experience.
Ex: It is raining outside Ex: Caesar crossed the Rubicon in 49 B.C. |
|
|
Non-empirical Statement
|
Truth-value not determined by observation and experience.
Ex: 25 times 5 equals 125. Ex: A foot is the measure of twelve inches. |
|
|
Valid Argument
|
An argument whose conclusion follows necessarily from given premises.
Necessary that if all premises are true, conclusion is true. |
|
|
Sound Argument
|
A valid argument whose premises are all true.
|
