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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the function of respiration?
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Gas exchange
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Which systems are involved in supplying body cells with O2 and eliminating CO2?
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Cardiovascular and respiratory systems
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What does the air pass over when it goes through the nose?
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Nasal Septum
Nasal turbinates These surfaces clean the air of big dust particles |
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What is the passage of the air?
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Nose, pharynx, larynx, periphery of the lungs through the trachea and the bronchi
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What does the trachea divide into?
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2 bronchi
-The bronchi divide inbto lobar and segmental bronchi |
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How many lobes are in the right bronchus? Left bronchus?
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Right: 3
Left: 2 |
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What are the smallest airways without alveoli?
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terminal bronchioles
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What does the diaphragm separate?
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divides thoraxic from abdoominal muscle
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What is the pleural space?
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Small space between the lungs and the rib cage
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What is the visceral pleura? Parietal pelura?
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Visceral: top layer of lungs
Parietal:Inner layer of chest wall |
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Where does gas echange occur?
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Alveoli
CO2 goes from cap to alveoli O2 goes from alveoli to cap |
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What are the parts of the respiratory system that are in the chest cavity?
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The lung, airways, heart, great vessels and the esophagus
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What are the branches of the conducting zone?
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Trachea
Bronchi Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles |
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What are the branches of the respiratory zone?
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Where you start seeing alveoli
-Respiratory broinchioles -Alveolar ducts (alveoli everywhere in walls of airways) -Alveolar sacs (tons of alveoli) |
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What is the pleura surface?
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Thincellular sheet attached to the thoracic cage interior (parietal pleura) and folding back upon itself, attached to the lung surface (visceral pleura) forms 2 enclosed pleural sacs in thoraci cage
-v/ hard to pull apart these 2 surfaces |
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What is the P of the pleural space?
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Negative
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What is a pneumothorax?
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Hole through chest (Not lungs)
-air goes in becasue the Pin < Pout, and this causes the lungs to collapse |
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What do the conducting airways consist of?
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The conductive zone is made up of the conductive airways from the mouth and nose openings, down to the terminal bronchiole
-These airways don't contribute to gas exchange (Anatomical dead space) |
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What does the respiratory part of the lungs consist of?
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Starts with terminal bronchioles and divides into resp bronchioles (have alveoi opening into their lumena)
-Alveolar ducts are lined wiht alveoli ->alveolated region of the lungs is the site of gas exchange (resp zone) -due to high amt of branching, the resp zone makes up most of the lungs |
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What is the acinus?
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the smallest physiological unit of the lungs. Includes distal to terminal bronchiole
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What is the conductive zone?
What are the fcts (4) of the conductive airways? |
1) Defense vs bacterial infection and foreign particles: the bronchi has cilia which sweeps up the mucous made by the epithelial glands and that lines the respiratory passage up into the pharynx
2) Warm and moisten the air 3) Sound and speech are produced by the movement of air passing over the vocal cords 4) Regulation of air flow: smooth muscle around the airways may contract or relay to alter the resistance to air flow. |
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What effect does nicotine have on cilia?
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It paralyzes it
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What is the fct of the respirartory zone?
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Gas exchange between te alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries
(~300 million alveoli in the human lungs and each alveolus may be ass't with ~1000 capillaries |
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What are the 2 circulations of the lungs?
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Pulmonary circulation and Bronchiole circulation
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What is pulmonary circulation?
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Brings mixed venous blood to the lungs so that it can be oxygenated and then back to the left heart
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What is bronchiole circulation?
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Supplies oxygenated blood from the systemic circulation to the tracheobronchial tree (lets the passageways get oxygenated)
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What is the pathway of pulmonary circulation?
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Blood runs from RV --> Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary artery runs with airways, when reach alveoli, the arterioles divide into a cap bed. Pulmonary supplies blood to all caps in the alveolar walls Oxygenated blood (from alveolar cap) leaves the lungs and returns to the left heart via the pulmonay veins |
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What is the respiratory surface of the lungs where the gas exchange takes place?
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Capillaries (of alveolar surface)
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What are the 3 alveolar cells types?
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1) Epithelial type I and II cells
2) Endothelial cells 3) Alveolar macrophages |
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Describe Epithelial Type I and II cells.
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-Line the alveoli
-All aveolar epithelial cells form a complete epithelial layer sealed by tight junctions -Type II cells make Pulmonary Surfactant (dec surface tension in the alveoli) |
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Describe endothelial cells.
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-Make up the wall of pulmonary capillaries
-can be as thin as 0.1 microns |
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Describe alveolar macrophages.
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Remove foreign particle that may have escaped the mucociliary defense system of the airways and found their way into alveoli
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How does the elasticity of the lung tissue work?
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Only expands and contracts as air is sucked into the lugs
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What are the two types of respiratory muscles?
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-Inspiratory
-Expiratory |
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What are the principal muscles of inspiration? What do they do?
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-External intercostals: eleveate the ribs, inc chest wall
-Parasternal intercartilagenous muscles:Elevated ribs, inc X-sectional area of the chest -Diaphragm: Domes descend, inc longitudinal dimension of chest and elevating lower ribs) Diaphragm innrvated by cervical segments 3, 4 and 5 |
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What are the accessory muscles of inspiration?
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Sternocleidomastoid: elevates the sternum ("not used when at rest, only during heavy breathing)
Scalenus anterior middle posterior: elevate and fix upper ribs |
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When do u use accessory muscles for breathing?
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When you have trouble breathing
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How does expiration happen?
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Passively
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What is expiration for quiet muscles?
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Expiration results from passive recoil of the lungs
(jut stop contracting inspiratory muscles) |
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What happens in active breathing?
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Internal intercostals, except parasternal intercartilaginous muscles: depress ribs
Abdominal muscles: depress lower ribs, compress abdominal contents (push diaphragm back up when contracted) |
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What is the main inspiratory muscle?
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Diaphragm
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What innervates the diaphragm?
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Phrenic nerves from cervical segments 3,4 and 5
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What happens to the muscles during inspiration?
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Diaphragm contact, its dome descends and the chest expands
Lower ribs are elevated by this contraction (cuz the diaphragm is vertically atttached to the coastal margins) External intercostal muscles raise the ribs Anterior-posterior and transverse dimensions of the chest enlarge ->Parasternal intercartilaginous muscles and neck muscles may also help in inspiration. ->Neck muscles raise and fix the upper most part of the rib cage, elevate the sternum and enloarge the anterior-posterior and longitudinal dimensions of the chest They're major contribution is during high ventilation |
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When is expiration active?
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Higher levels of ventilation (exercise)
Pathological states when expiratory resistance increases and the movement of airflow out of the lungs is impeded |
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What muscles are involved in active expiration?
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Internal intercostal muscles
Abdominal muscles -When internal intercostal muscles are compressed, abs are compressed, lower ribs are depressed, anterior part of the lower chest is pulled down => Force up diaphragm |
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What are the expiratory muscles important for?
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Coughing
Singing Talking Vomiting |
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What is Valsalva's maneuver?
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Forced max contraction of the expiratory muscls against a closed glottis
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What can Valsalva's maneuver result in?
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Large increase in P in the thoracic cage and abdomen
-> If sustained, can lead to a decrease in venous return to the heart and .: dec in cardiac output |
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What are the basic events of inspiration?
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Diaphragm and intercostal muscles cntract
Thoracic cage expands Intrapleural P increases Lungs expands Alveolar P becomes subatmospheric (less then atm) Air flows into alveoli |
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What are the basic events of expiration?
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Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles stop contracting
Chest walls move inwards Intrapleural P goes back towards preinspiratory value Transpulmonary P goes back to preinspiratory value Lung recoil towards preinspiratory volume Air in lungs is compressed Alveolar P becomes greater than atm P Air flows out of the lungs |
