Pharynx And Soft Palate Anatomy 2006

Front 1

what is the pharynx?

Back 1

muscular tube from nasal cavity to esophagus

Front 2

what are the borders of the pharynx?

Back 2

superiorly - suspended from base of skull
inferiorly - continuous with esophagus at about C6

Front 3

what does the pharynx do?

Back 3

is common passage used in breathing, vocalization, swallowing
passively conducts air to trachea
actively moves food into esophagus

Front 4

what's difference between posterior and anterior walls of pharynx?

Back 4

posterior and lateral walls are continuous from top to bottom
anterior wall interrupted by nasal and oral cavities as well as larynx

Front 5

what structures make up the pharyngeal wall?

Back 5

mucosa
6 PAIRS of muscles = 12 muscles
two named layers of fascia

Front 6

describe the mucous membrane or mucosa of pharynx - where is it, what is it like?

Back 6

forms luminal surface
varies according to location

Front 7

where is the pharyngobasilar fascia in the pharynx?

Back 7

immediately external to mucosa
is well-defined
attached to skull
blends into esophagus

Front 8

what are the types of muscles in pharynx?

Back 8

are overlapping, circularly arranged
constrictor muscles and slender muscles he doesn't name yet

Front 9

where is the buccopharyngeal fascia in pharynx?

Back 9

forms outermost layer of pharynx

Front 10

what are the names of the two layers of fascia i should know in pharynx?

Back 10

1. pharyngobasilar - right under mucosa is external
2. buccopharyngeal - outermost layer of pharynx

Front 11

what are the names of the 6 types of muscles i should know in pharynx?

Back 11

1. superior constrictor
2. middle constrictor
3. inferior constrictor
4. palatopharyngeus
5. salpingopharyngeus
6. stylopharyngeus

Front 12

what's the origin and insertion of the superior constrictors?

Back 12

origin:
hamulus of medial pterygoid process of sphenoid bone
pterygomandibular raphe
mylohyoid line on mandible
side of tongue
insertion:
median raphe of pharynx
pharyngeal tubercle of occipital bone

Front 13

what's the origin and insertion of middle constrictors?

Back 13

origin:
greater and lesser cornua of hyoid bone
tylohyoid ligament
insertion:
median pharyngeal raphe

Front 14

what's the origin and insertion of inferior constrictors?

Back 14

origin:
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
insertion:
median pharyngeal raphe

Front 15

what are the origins and insertions of the palattopharyngeus muscles?

Back 15

origin:
hard palate and palatine aponeurosis
insertion:
thyroid cartilage
side of pharynx
esophagus

Front 16

what are the origins and insertions of salpingopharyngeus?

Back 16

origin:
cartilage of pharyngotympanic tube
insertion:
blends with palatopharyngeus

Front 17

what are the origins and insertions of stylopharyngeus?

Back 17

origins:
styloid prcoess of temporal bone
insertion:
thyroid cartilage

Front 18

what nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle?

Back 18

CN IX - glossopharyngeal nerve

Front 19

what supplies motor innervation to all muscles of pharynx EXCEPT stylopharyngeus?

Back 19

pharyngeal plexus

Front 20

what CN supplies fibers to pharyngeal plexus?

Back 20

vagus - CN X

Front 21

what do the constrictors do?

Back 21

squeeze pharynx during swallowing
moves food bolus into esophagus

Front 22

what do the three longitudinally arranged strap-like muscles of pharynx do?

Back 22

elevate pharynx and larynx during swallowing and speaking

Front 23

what are the three longitudinally arranged strap-like muscles of pharynx?

Back 23

1. stylopharyngeus
2. salpingopharyngeus
3. palatopharyngeus

Front 24

what closes the gaps between the constrictor muscles on the sides?

Back 24

mucosa
pharyngobasilar fascia
buccopharyngeal fascia
or just The Fasicas

Front 25

what forms the pharyngeal recess? where is it?

Back 25

is gap between the superior constrictor and skull

Front 26

what traverses the pharyngeal recess?

Back 26

1. pharyngotympanic tube
2. ascending palatine artery
3. levator veli palatini muscle

Front 27

what passes between the gap between the superior and middle constrictors?

Back 27

1. glossopharyngeal nerve
2. stylopharyngeus muscle

Front 28

what is between the middle and inferior constrictors?

Back 28

1. internal laryngeal nerve
2. superior laryngeal artery

Front 29

where is the retropharyngeal space?

Back 29

is tween buccopharyngeal fasica of pharynx wall and prevertebral fascia over vertebrae and vertebral muscles

Front 30

what's in the retropharyngeal space?

Back 30

loose connective tissue

Front 31

what does the loose connective tissue in the retropharyngeal space do?

Back 31

helps mobility of pharynx

Front 32

what are the three regions of the pharynx?

Back 32

1. nasopharynx
2. oropharynx
3. laryngopharynx

Front 33

what are the boundaries of the nasopharynx?

Back 33

superior: skull base at sphenoid bone and basilar portion of occipital bone
anterior: choanae on either side of posterior nasal septum
inferior: soft palate and oropharynx
posterior: posterior wall of pharynx

Front 34

what are the boundaries of the oropharynx?

Back 34

superior: soft palate
anterior: palatoglossal arch and base of tongue
inferior: to level of tip of epiglottis
posterior: from point of contact of soft palate with posterior pharyngeal wall down to level even with tip of epiglottis

Front 35

the opening to what is in the lateral wall of the nasopharynx?

Back 35

opening of pharyngotympanic or auditory tube

Front 36

what's the torus tubarius?

Back 36

is cartilage end of pharyngotympanic tube

Front 37

what's the cartilage end of pharyngotympanic tube called?

Back 37

torus tubarius

Front 38

where does the salpingopharyngeus muscle attach in relation to the torus and what does it do to the lateral wall of nasopharynx as a result?

Back 38

attach: lower margin of torus
causes vertical fold in mucosa of lateral wall of nasopharynx

Front 39

why does the lateral wall of the nasopharynx have a vertical fold in it?

Back 39

because of attachment to torus of salpingopharyngeus muscle

Front 40

where is the pharyngeal recess located in relation to the salpingopharyngeal fold?

Back 40

is immediately posterior to it

Front 41

where are the pharyngeal tonsils in the nasopharynx?

Back 41

is in posterior-superior pharyngeal wall submucosally

Front 42

what's another name for the pharyngeal tonsils when they're swollen?

Back 42

adenoids

Front 43

where's the oropharynx in general?

Back 43

superiorly connected to nasopharynx
anteriorly connected to oral cavity
inferiorly connected to laryngopharynx

Front 44

what's another name for the palatine arches?

Back 44

tonsillar pillars

Front 45

what's another name for tonsillar pillars?

Back 45

palatine arches

Front 46

what forms the anterolateral walls of the oropharynx?

Back 46

elevations of palatine arche mucosa

Front 47

where are the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches?

Back 47

palatoglossal is more anterior than palatopharyngeal arch which is posterior obviously

Front 48

what muscles form the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal muscles respectively?

Back 48

palatoglossal arch - formed by palatoglossus muscle
palatopharyngeal arch - formed by palatopharyngeus muscle

Front 49

what takes up the space between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches?

Back 49

palatine tonsils!

Front 50

what encapsulates the palatine tonsils?

Back 50

pharyngobasilar fascia

Front 51

where are the palatine tonsils?

Back 51

near gap between superior and middle pharyngeal constrictors
tween palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches

Front 52

what's the removal of the tonsils called?

Back 52

tonsillectomy

Front 53

what nerve is at risk of being damaged during a tonsillectomy?

Back 53

glossopharyngeal nerve - CN IX

Front 54

how can the pharynx be injured?

Back 54

ingestion of sharp objects like fish bones or small toys

Front 55

what other injuries can result from damage to wall of pharynx?

Back 55

injuries to CN IX, X, sympathetic trunk, carotid arteries because all of these structures are immediately outside pharyngeal wall

Front 56

what are the boundaries of the laryngopharynx?

Back 56

superior: tip of epiglottis
anterior: laryngeal surface of epiglottis and base of tongue
inferior: esophageal inlet
posterior: posterior pharyngeal wall from level of tip of epiglottis to esophageal inlet

Front 57

what's another name for the laryngopharynx?

Back 57

hypopharynx

Front 58

what's another name for hypopharynx?

Back 58

laryngopharynx

Front 59

what structures are located in the laryngopharynx?

Back 59

base of tongue
pyriform sinuses

Front 60

what forms the pyriform sinuses?

Back 60

extensions of mucosa around larynx and around inner part of thyroid cartilage

Front 61

what is the blood supply to the pharynx?

Back 61

1. ascending pharyngeal artery from external carotid artery
2. branches of superior and inferior thyroid arteries
3. veins create plexus draining into thyroid veins and internal jugular vein

Front 62

what veins do the veins of the pharynx drain into?

Back 62

internal jugular
thyroid veins

Front 63

what arteries supply the pharynx?

Back 63

ascending pharyngeal artery
superior and inferior thyroid arteries

Front 64

what is the sensory innervation to the pharynx?

Back 64

afferent fibers from CN IX or glossopharyngeal nerve innervate most of the mucosa via the pharyngeal plexus

Front 65

what response does the body have to touch stimuli to the pharyngeal plexus?

Back 65

this is the gag reflex

Front 66

which CNs control muscle contraction of pharynx?

Back 66

CN IX and CN X

Front 67

what is the soft palate?

Back 67

is fibromuscular shelf
projects posteriorly from edge of hard palate

Front 68

what does soft palate do?

Back 68

acts like a valave pressing against posterior pharyngeal wall to close off nasopharynx from oral pharynx when speaking and swallowing

Front 69

what's a fancy word for swallowing?

Back 69

deglutination

Front 70

what's the palatine aponeurosis?

Back 70

is a sheet of fibrous tissue that makes up the central layer of the soft palate
is connected to posterior edge of hard palate

Front 71

what does the palatine aponeurosis do?

Back 71

provides attachment for muscles of soft palate

Front 72

what forms the palatine aponeurosis?

Back 72

expanded tendon of tensor veli palatini muscle
continuous laterally with pharyngobasilar fascia

Front 73

where's the uvula in relation to the soft palate?

Back 73

projects downward from free edge of soft palate in midline

Front 74

name the muscles of the soft palate

Back 74

are 5
1. levator veli palatini
2. tensor veli palatini
3. palatopharyngeus
4. palatoglossus
5. musculus uvulae

Front 75

what is the origin, insertion and action of the levator veli palatini?

Back 75

origin: petrous part of temporal bone and cartilage of auditory tube
insertion: palatine aponeurosis
action: raises and retracts soft palate
brings it in contact with posterior pharyngeal wall

Front 76

what is the origin, insertion and action of the tensor veli palatini?

Back 76

origin: cartilaginous portion of auditory tube and base of medial pterygoid lamina
insertion: tendon passes around pterygoid hamulus and turns at right angle to form palatine aponeurosis attached to hard palate
action: tenses, depresses soft palate
opens pharyngotympanic tube

Front 77

what's the origin, insertion, and action fo palatopharyngeus?

Back 77

origin: posterior hard palate and palatine aponeurosis
insertion: middle pharyngeal constrictor
action: elevates pharynx during swallowing

Front 78

what's the origin, insertion and action of the palatoglossus?

Back 78

origin: palatine aponeurosis
insertion: side of tongue
action: pulls soft palate inferiorly and elevates posterior tongue

Front 79

what's the origin, insertion and action of musculus uvulae?

Back 79

origin: posterior nasal spine and palatine aponeurosis
insertion: mucosa of uvula
action: draws uvula up and forward

Front 80

what muscles do the pharyngeal plexus innervate?

Back 80

all palatal muscles except for tensor veli palatini

Front 81

what nerve supplies the motor fibers for the pharyngeal plexus?

Back 81

vagus

Front 82

a branch off what nerve supplies the tensor veli palatini?

Back 82

mandibular nerve, CN V3

Front 83

what nerves provide sensation in soft palate?

Back 83

lesser palatine nerves

Front 84

what hole do the lesser palatine nerves come out of and what do they do?

Back 84

come out of lesser palatine foramen and they provide sensation to soft palate

Front 85

the lesser palatine nerves are branches off what CN?

Back 85

maxillary nerve CN V2

Front 86

what arteries supply the soft palate?

Back 86

lesser palatine arteries

Front 87

what hole do the lesser palatine arteries come out of and what main artery do they branch from?

Back 87

hole is lesser palatine foramen
lesser palatine arteries are branches of maxillary artery

Front 88

what's the origin, insertion and action of the palatoglossus?

Back 88

origin: palatine aponeurosis
insertion: side of tongue
action: pulls soft palate inferiorly and elevates posterior tongue

Front 89

what's the origin, insertion and action of musculus uvulae?

Back 89

origin: posterior nasal spine and palatine aponeurosis
insertion: mucosa of uvula
action: draws uvula up and forward

Front 90

what muscles do the pharyngeal plexus innervate?

Back 90

all palatal muscles except for tensor veli palatini

Front 91

what nerve supplies the motor fibers for the pharyngeal plexus?

Back 91

vagus

Front 92

a branch off what nerve supplies the tensor veli palatini?

Back 92

mandibular nerve, CN V3

Front 93

what nerves provide sensation in soft palate?

Back 93

lesser palatine nerves

Front 94

what hole do the lesser palatine nerves come out of and what do they do?

Back 94

come out of lesser palatine foramen and they provide sensation to soft palate

Front 95

the lesser palatine nerves are branches off what CN?

Back 95

maxillary nerve CN V2

Front 96

what arteries supply the soft palate?

Back 96

lesser palatine arteries

Front 97

what hole do the lesser palatine arteries come out of and what main artery do they branch from?

Back 97

hole is lesser palatine foramen
lesser palatine arteries are branches of maxillary artery