Pharynx And Larynx

Front 1

Where is the oropharynx?

Back 1

Ventral to soft palate

Front 2

Where is the nasopharynx?

Back 2

Dorsal to the soft palate.

Front 3

Where is the laryngopharynx?

Back 3

Caudal to the soft palate until the entrance of the esophagus

Front 4

How many openings go into the nasopharynx in the horse and why?

Back 4

2 because there is a complete septum in the horse nasal cavity unlike other species

Front 5

Is the movement of the epiglottis passive or active and what type of carilage is it?

Back 5

Passive, it is fibroelastic cartilage and is pushed back by a food bolus

Front 6

What type of cartilage is cricoid cartilage?

Back 6

Hyaline

Front 7

What are the laryngeal cartilages caudal to cranial?

Back 7

Epiglottis, paired arytenoids, thyroid, cricoid, tracheal rings

Front 8

If you were passing through the larynx in the horse, which is the order in which you would pass structures?

Back 8

epiglottis, palantine tonsils, vestibular fold, vocal folds and laryngeal ventricle at a similar time, arytenoid cartilages, glottic cleft, infraglottic cavity

Front 9

What type of cartilage are the arytenoids?

Back 9

Cuneiform process (top parts) are fibroelastic and the rest are hyaline

Front 10

What joints are located in the larynx and what types are they?

Back 10

Thryo-hyoid, crico-thyroid, crico-arytenoid

All are synovial

Front 11

What is different about the horse thyroid cartilage?

Back 11

The two plates that fuse to form the cartilage don't fully fuse so there is a space that you can access the larynx in this way.

Front 12

What bones make up the hyoid apparatus in the horse?

Back 12

originates on cartilage from auditory tube, stylohyoid, kertohyoid, thyrohyoid, lingual process of the basihyoid

Front 13

What bones make up the hyoid apparatus in the dog?

Back 13

Stylohyoid, epihyoid, keratohyoid, basihyoid (no lingual process), thyrohyoid

Front 14

Which species do not possess a laryngeal ventricle?

Back 14

Cows and cats

Front 15

Where is the cricothyroideus located, what nerve ennervates it and what does it do?

Back 15

Between cricoid and thyroid cartilages.

Cranial laryngeal nerve which is a branch of the vagus.

Rotates and advances the ventral part of the cricoid and pulls it away from the larynx.

Front 16

Where is the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis located, what nerve ennervates it and what does it do?

Back 16

Dorsal part of cricoid and goes onto arytenoid.

Caudal recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus.

Abducts vocal fold and glottis.

Front 17

Where is the cricoarytenoideus lateralis located, what nerve ennervates it and what does it do?

Back 17

Ventral part of cricoid to muscular process of arytenoid process.

Caudal recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus.

Adducts vocal processes and narrows the glottis.

Front 18

Where is the thyroarytenoideus located, what nerve ennervates it and what does it do?

Back 18

From thyroid carilage (laryngeal floor) to inseert of arytenoid. Divided into vocalis (caudal) and ventricularis (cranial).

Caudal recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus.

Adjust tension of vocal folds and controls sphincter tightness.

Front 19

Where is the arytenoideus transversus located, what nerve ennervates it and what does it do?

Back 19

From arytenoid cartilage to midline raphe.

Caudal recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus.

Completes the sphincter.

Front 20

What ligament forms the vestibular fold in the dog?

Back 20

Ventricular ligament (ventralis originates here)

Front 21

What ligament forms the vocal fold?

Back 21

vocal ligament (vocalis originates near here)

Front 22

What is the larynx of birds like?

Back 22

They don't have an epiglottis, it is very simple. Air is just funneled into the esophagus. There is a glottis. Phonation does not occur in the larynx.