Pharynx

Front 1

Walls of the pharynx

Back 1

Mucosa
Submucosa (pharyngobasilar fascia)
Muscular layer with two layers of muscles (inner longitudinal and outer circular)
Buccopharyngeal fascial layer

Front 2

Where do the palatine tonsils lie? Function?

Back 2

In the mucosa.

Produce lymphocytes and have a protective function for bacteria entering the respiratory or GI tract.

Most commonly removed tonsils.

Front 3

At what level does the pharynx become the esophagus?

Back 3

At the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage at C6.

Front 4

Contents of the nasopharynx

Back 4

Pharyngeal tonsil on the posterior wall.
Ostium of the Eustachian tube.
Opening of the pharygnotympanic/eustachian/auditory tube

Front 5

What is the torus tubaris?

Back 5

The swelling produced by the medial portion of the eustachian tube. The salpingopharyngeal fold extends down from the torus tubaris into the nasopharynx.

Front 6

Where is the pharyngeal recess?

Back 6

A cleft in the nasopharynx where cancers can form. Lateral to this is the pharyngeal space where infections from teeth, skin, etc. can spread to.

Front 7

What is the pharyngeal isthmus?

Back 7

A bridge between the nasopharynx and the oropharynx.

Front 8

Salpingopharyngeus muscle

Back 8

Lies deep to the salpingopharyngeal fold.

Front 9

Levator palatini muscle and tensor palatini muscle

Back 9

Tensor palatini muscle is aterior and lateral to levator palatini.

Together they elevate and pull the soft palate posteriorly to close the nasopharynx from the oropharynx during the second stage of swallowing.

Front 10

Palatoglossus muscle

Back 10

Oropharynx. Deep to the palatoglossal fold. A very short, brief muscle, posterior to which is the palatine tonsillar bed.

Front 11

Pharyngobasilar fascia

Back 11

Under mucosa of oropharynx. Lies over tonsil bed. Physicians use it as a lateral boundary in removing the palatine tonsil.

Front 12

Superior constrictor muscle

Back 12

Under the submucosa in the oropharynx. Forms bed of the tonsil.

Pierced by arteries and veins.

Front 13

Lateral borders of the oropharynx

Back 13

Palatoglossal fold anteriorly and the palatopharyngeal fold posteriorly. With the mucosa removed, you are looking at the palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus muscles.

Front 14

Paratonsillar vein

Back 14

In the oropharynx. Bleeding after a tonsillectomy is typically caused by nicking the paratonsillar vein.

Front 15

What is the only nerve in the tosillar bed?

Back 15

The glossopharyngeal nerve (IX).

Front 16

Which nerve supplies taste and general sensation the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

Back 16

The glossopharyngeal nerve (IX).

Front 17

Styloglossus muscle

Back 17

Lies lateral to the superior constrictor muscle in the oropharynx. Arises from the anterior and lateral surfaces of the styloid process, near its apex, and from the stylomandibular ligament. Passes between the internal and external carotid arteries.

Retrudes and elevates the tongue. Extrinsic muscle of the tongue.

Innervated by hypoglossal nerve (XII).

Front 18

Which nerve innervates all of the muscles of the tongue except for the palatoglossus?

Back 18

The hypoglossal nerve (XII).

Front 19

What innervates the palatoglossus?

Back 19

The pharyngeal plexus, a plexus which includes motor branches of the vagus nerve (X).

Front 20

What nerve provides general sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

Back 20

The lingual nerve, a branch of V3.

Front 21

What nerve provides special taste sensation to the anterior 2/3 of tongue?

Back 21

The chorda tympani nerve, a branch from the facial nerve (VII). Joins the lingual nerve and runs with it in its sheath.

Front 22

What nerve provides general and special sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

Back 22

The glossopharyngeal nerve (IX).

Front 23

How does the vagus nerve supply general and special sensation to the very back of the tongue?

Back 23

Twigs from the internal laryngeal nerve, a branch from X.

Also carries parasympathetic secretomotor fibers to serous glands in the tongue. Probably synapse in the submandibular ganglion suspended from the lingular nerve.

Front 24

What muscles arise from the styloid process?

Back 24

Styloglossus
Stylopharyngeus
Stylohyoid

Front 25

Muscles of the inner layer of the pharynx

Back 25

salpingopharyngeus
palatopharyngeus
stylopharyngeus

The three muscles blend together and attach inferiorly into the wall of the pharynx and the superior and posterior aspects of the thyroid cartilage.

Front 26

Muscles of the outer layer of the pharynx

Back 26

Superior, middle and inferior constrictors.

Front 27

Gap between the superior constrictor muscle and the base of the skull

Back 27

Pharyngobasilar muscle pierced by auditory tube and the levator of the palate, which lies in the floor of the auditory tube. Both the ascending palatine branch of the facial artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery (second branch of external carotid artery) pass over this gap.

Front 28

Gap between the superior constrictor muscle and the middle constrictor muscle

Back 28

Stylohyoid ligament, the stylopharyngeus muscle, and CN IX (the nerve supply to the stylopharyngeus muscle).

Front 29

Gap between the middle constrictor muscle and the inferior constrictor

Back 29

Thyrohyoid membrane pierced by the internal laryngeal nerve and the superior laryngeal artery.

Front 30

Sensory nerves of the pharynx

Back 30

The pharyngeal branch of V2 - afferent fibers to the upper part of pharynx just superior to the ostium of the auditory tube.

CN IX. Pharyngeal fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve supply afferent fibers to the area from just superior to the ostium of the auditory tube to the termination of pharynx.

CN X. Internal laryngeal branches of the vagus supply some of the pharynx.

Front 31

Pharyngeal Plexus

Back 31

Lies on the posterior aspect of the middle constrictor muscle.

CN X (SVE) are motor to most muscles of the pharynx

CN IX are sensory to most of the pharynx

Sympathetic fibers (pharyngeal branches of sympathetic trunk)

CN IX (SVE) supplies the stylopharyngeus (this is the only motor function of CN IX, the remaining fibers are sensory in nature)

Front 32

Branches of the external carotid artery

Back 32

S-uperior thyroid
A-scending pharyngeal
L-ingual
F-acial
O-cciptal (posterior branch)
P-osterior auricular (posterior branch)
S-uperficial temporal (terminal branch)
M-axillary (terminal branch)

Front 33

At what level does the common carotid artery bifurcate?

Back 33

At the superior level of the thyroid cartilage

Front 34

Superficial lymph node drainage

Back 34

Submental nodes, posteriorly to the submandibular nodes, parotid nodes, and occipital nodes.5. Superficial lymphatic drainage of the head and neck all drain into deep cervical lymph nodes which in turn drain to a jugular trunk. On the left side it joins with the thoracic duct; on the right it joins with the right lymph duct.