Pharyngeal Arches

Front 1

all pharyngeal arches contain this?

Back 1

mesoderm and neural crest cell

Front 2

in general, mesoderm differentiates into what?

Back 2

muscles and arteries

Front 3

neural crest cells differentiate into?

Back 3

bones

Front 4

these are evaginations of endoderm that line the foregut

Back 4

pharyngeal pouches

Front 5

these are Invaginations of surface ectoderm

Back 5

phayrngeal grooves

Front 6

This groove gives rise to epithelial lining of the external auditory meatus

Back 6

groove 1

Front 7

which grooves are obliterated?

Back 7

2,3,4

Front 8

these are located at the junction of each pharyngeal groove and pouch

Back 8

pharyngeal membranes

Front 9

what does the pharyngeal membrane 1 give rise to, while all the others are obliterated?

Back 9

tympanic membrane

Front 10

Nerve of the 1st arch

Back 10

CN V-->trigeminal n

Front 11

Nerve of the 2nd arch

Back 11

CN VII--> facial n

Front 12

nerve of the 3rd arch

Back 12

CN IX-glossopharyngeal

Front 13

nerve of the 4th arch

Back 13

CN X--> superior laryngeal branch

Front 14

Nerve of the 6th arch

Back 14

CN X--> recurrent laryngeal branch

Front 15

which arch follows the M rule

Back 15

1st arch

Front 16

which arch follows the S rule

Back 16

2nd

Front 17

which arch follows the "g" and "pharyngeal" nerve

Back 17

3rd

Front 18

muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, maxilla, zygomatic bone, vomer, mandible, incus, malleus, spenomandibular, and Meckles cartilage all come from?

Back 18

1st arch

Front 19

stylohyoid, stapes, styloid process, stylohyoid lig, hyoid bone

Back 19

2nd arch

Front 20

stylopharyngeus, greater horn of hyoid bone

Back 20

3rd arch

Front 21

cricothyroid, laryngeal cartilages

Back 21

4th arch

Front 22

laryngeal cartilages, muscles of larynx

Back 22

6th arch

Front 23

which arch is associated with the "speaking" portion

Back 23

6th arch

Front 24

which arch is associated with the "swallowing" portion

Back 24

4th arch

Front 25

epithelial singing of the auditory tube and middle ear cavity origin

Back 25

pouch 1

Front 26

origin of epithelial lining of the palatine tonsil crypts

Back 26

pouch 2

Front 27

origin inferior parathyroid gland

Back 27

pouch 3

Front 28

origin of thymus

Back 28

pouch 3

Front 29

origin of sup. parathyroid gland

Back 29

pouch 4

Front 30

origin of the epithelial lining of the external auditory meatus

Back 30

groove 1

Front 31

origin of the tympanic membrane

Back 31

groove 1

Front 32

this gland develops from the thyroid diverticulum

Back 32

thyroid gland

Front 33

the thyroid gland forms the floor of what?

Back 33

foregut

Front 34

thyroid diverticulum migrates in what direction but remains connected to what?

Back 34

caudally down

foregut

Front 35

The thyroid diverticulum remains connected to the foregut by what?

Back 35

thyroglossal duct

Front 36

what is the former site of the thyroglossal duct?

Back 36

foramen cecum

Front 37

when are the pharyngeal arches visible externally

Back 37

wk 4

Front 38

which arches are not visible on surface of embryo

Back 38

5/6th arches

Front 39

the 1st pharyngeal arch separates into two prominences. what are they?

Back 39

maxillary and mandibular prominence

Front 40

maxilla, zygomatic bone, and portion of the vomer are from which prominence

Back 40

maxillary

Front 41

the mandible and squamous temporal bone are part of which prominence

Back 41

mandibular

Front 42

stomodeum

Back 42

primordial mouth

Front 43

what does the stomodeum appear as

Back 43

slight depression of the surface ectoderm

Front 44

what is the stomodeum separated from the primordial pharynx cavity by what?

Back 44

oropharyngeal membrane

Front 45

the stomodeum is composed of what internally? externally?

Back 45

endoderm

ectoderm

Front 46

what is the pharyngeal arch structure made of?

Back 46

artery-> trunks arteriousus to aorta

vein

cartilage-> skeleton of arch

muscular component->muscle of head and neck

sensory and motor nerves

Front 47

once the middle part of the meckel cartilage regresses, its perichondrium forms the?

Back 47

ant lit of malleus and the sphenomandibular lig

Front 48

the meckel cartilage disappears as what happens?

Back 48

the mandible develops around it by intramembranous ossification

Front 49

what forms the lesser cornu of the hyoid bone

Back 49

2nd arch

Front 50

Reichert cartilage is associated with which arch?

Back 50

2nd

Front 51

lymphocytes of the thymus are derived from?

Back 51

hematopoietic stem cells

Front 52

what contains T-cells

Back 52

thymus

Front 53

parathyroid regulates what?

Back 53

fetal Ca metabolism

Front 54

what is the first endocrine gland to develop in the embryo?

Back 54

thyroid gland

Front 55

when does the thyroid gland begin to develop? from what?

Back 55

24 days

endoderm of pharnyx

Front 56

what is the connection between the tongue and the thyroid

Back 56

thyroglossal duct

Front 57

the thyroid becomes a solid mass of cells and divides into R and L lobes that are connected by

Back 57

isthmus of thyroid

Front 58

part of thyroglossal duct persists as the?

Back 58

foramen cecum

Front 59

what happens if there is a remnant of the thryroglosssal duct?

Back 59

forms a thyroglossal duct cyst

Front 60

where do throglossal duct cysts usually develop

Back 60

under hyoid

Front 61

what is it called if the thyroglossal duct cysts is located at base of tongue?

Back 61

lingual cyst

Front 62

this is an abnl canal that opens internally into the tonsils sinuse and externally in the side of neck

Back 62

branchial/pharyngeal fistula

Front 63

where are the branchial/pharyngeal fistula commonly found?

Back 63

ant border of the sternocleidomastoid m

Front 64

This is a remnant of the 2nd pharyngeal groove which forms a cyst?

Back 64

branchial cysts

Front 65

where are branchial cysts commonly found?

Back 65

inf angle to the angle of the mandible

Front 66

what is the maxium degree of clefting?

Back 66

complete cleft palate

Front 67

complete cleft palate extends through the soft palate and to where?

Back 67

incisive soft palate

Front 68

when can the features of a fetal face be identified

Back 68

2nd trimester

Front 69

what are the two types of 1st arch syndrome?

Back 69

treacher collins syndrome

pierre robin syndrome

Front 70

anomalies of the eyes, ears, mandible, and palate are due to what?

Back 70

insufficient migration of neural crest cells

Front 71

this happens when the pharyngeal cartilages fail to disappear and may appear under the skin of the side of the neck

Back 71

branchial vestiges

Front 72

this is the mandibulofacial dystososis autosomal dominant gene

Back 72

treacher collins syndrome

Front 73

this is the autosomal recessive syndrome

Back 73

pierre robin syndrome

Front 74

this syndrome presents with malar hypoplasia, downslanting of palpebral fissures, and defects of the lower eyelids with deformed external ears

Back 74

treacher collins syndrome

Front 75

this syndrome is characterized by mandibular hypoplasia (micrognathia), bilateral cleft palate, and defects of the ear and eye

Back 75

pierre robin

Front 76

this syndrome is the failure of puches 3 and 4 to differentiate into thymus and parathyroid glands

Back 76

DiGorge syndrome

Front 77

this presents with facial anomalies, and CV anomalies due to what?

Back 77

abnl neural crest cell migration

Front 78

this shows an immunodeficiency due to absence of thymus gland, and hypocalcemia due to the absence of parathyroid glands

Back 78

DiGorge Syndrome

Front 79

DiGorge syndrome is characterized by?

Back 79

congenital hypoparathyroidism, increased to infections, anomalies of the mouth (fish mouth), low set ears, nasal clefts, thyroid hypoplasia and cardiac abnormalities

Front 80

DiGorge syndrome is caused by what?

Back 80

genetic deletions of the small part of the genetic material found on the long arm of one of the 2 22nd chromosomes

Front 81

the mechanism of DeGorge syndrome which causes all of the features is known as what and involves what?

Back 81

deletion syndrome which may involve migration defects of neural crest cells

Front 82

what is the most common CV malformation associated with Digeorge syndrome

Back 82

tetralogy of fallot

Front 83

USUALLY, the parathyroid glands are found where?

Back 83

near or within the thyroid gland, or the thymus

Front 84

is infer or super ectopic location of the parathyroid gland more common?

Back 84

inferior

Front 85

a lingual thyroid tissue is the most common presentation of this?

Back 85

ectopic thyroid gland

Front 86

this occurs when there is thyroid deficiency during the early fetal period

Back 86

congenital hypothyroidism/cretinism

Front 87

congenital hypothyroidism/cretinism happens because of what?

Back 87

severe lack of dietary iodine, thyroid agenesis, or mutations involving the biosynthesis of thyroid hormone

Front 88

characterization of hypothyroidism

Back 88

dry, rough skin, wide set eyes, perioorbital puffiness, a flat broad nose, and a large protuberant tongue

Front 89

in the early stages of development, the tongue has two portions. what are they?

Back 89

oral part: ant 2/3 of tongue

pharyngeal part

Front 90

what are the two portions of the tongue separated by?

Back 90

terminal sulcus

Front 91

what does the terminal sulcus appear as?

Back 91

a V-shaped depression

Front 92

What are the two parts of the oral part of tongue which develop in the floor of the pharynx associated with the 1st pharngeal arch

Back 92

median tongue bud

two distal tongue buds

Front 93

The median tongue bud and the two distal tongue buds develop where?

Back 93

in the floor of the pharnyx associated with the first pharyngeal arch

Front 94

the distal tongue buds overgrow what to form the median sulcus

Back 94

median tongue bud

Front 95

what forms the median sulcus of the tongue

Back 95

distal tongue buds overgrowing the median tongue bud which fuse in the midline

Front 96

what is the oral part of the tongue characterized by?

Back 96

filiform papillae, fungiform papillae, foliate papillae, and circumvallate papillae

Front 97

which papillae have no taste buds?

Back 97

filiform papillae

Front 98

general sensation of the mucosa of the tongue is carried by what?

Back 98

trigeminal n

Front 99

taste sensation of the muscosa is carried by what?

Back 99

facial n or CN VII

Front 100

What CN innervates the tongue muscles

Back 100

hypoglossal n or CN XII

Front 101

the pharyngeal part of the tongue forms from what?

Back 101

the copula and hypopharyngeal eminance which develop in the floor of the pharynx associated with arches 2,3, and 4

Front 102

with development of the tongue, how is the contriubtion of the pharyngeal arch 2 eliminated?

Back 102

the hypopharyngeal eminence overgrows the copula

Front 103

what is the terminal sulcus

Back 103

line of fusion between the oral and pharyngeal parts of the tongue

Front 104

fiussuring of the tongue, macroglossia, microglossia and hypertrophy of the lingual papillae are characteristics of what?

Back 104

Downs syndrome

Front 105

relating to the tongue, what are some characteristics of Down Syndrome?

Back 105

fissuring of the tongue, macroglossia, microglossia, and hypertrophy of the tongue

Front 106

these may produce discomfort or dysphagia

Back 106

congenital lingual cysts

Front 107

how is congenital lingual fistula resulted?

Back 107

due to the persistence of thryoglossal duct

Front 108

what usually connects the inf surface of the tongue to the floor of the mouth

Back 108

lingual frenulum

Front 109

what infers with the babies breast feeding capability?

Back 109

a short frenulum

Front 110

This is the incomplete fusion of the lateral lingual swellings results in a deep midline groove

Back 110

bifid or cleft tongue (glossoschisis)

Front 111

when does the facial primordial appear around the stomodeum

Back 111

wk 4

Front 112

how many facial primordial are there

Back 112

5

Front 113

what are the 5 facial primordia

Back 113

one frontonasal, two maxillary prominences and two mandibular prominences

Front 114

what are the bilateral ectodermal thickenings or the development of the face

Back 114

nasal placodes

Front 115

where do the nasal places develop?

Back 115

on the ventrolateral aspects of the frontonasal prominence

Front 116

how are the nasal pits formed

Back 116

nasal placodes invaginate into mesoderm

Front 117

nasal pits produce what?

Back 117

ridge that forms the medial nasal prominence and the lat nasal prominence

Front 118

where do the nasolacrimal grooves form?

Back 118

between maxillary prominence and the lateral nasal prominence

Front 119

what are the nasolacrimal duct and lacrimal duct formed from?

Back 119

nasolacrimal groove

Front 120

what are the stages of palate development?

Back 120

primary palate, secondary

Front 121

how is the inter maxillary segment formed?

Back 121

the medial growth of maxillary prominences cause the two medial nasal prominences to fuse together at the midline

Front 122

what does the inter maxillary segment form

Back 122

philtrum of the lip, four incisor teeth, and the primary plate

Front 123

what is the result of the fusion of palate and nose

Back 123

filtrum

Front 124

what causes no formation of the filtrum

Back 124

alcohol syndrome

Front 125

what is the result of the primary palate?

Back 125

philtrum, four incisor teeth, and primary palate

Front 126

what does the secondary palate form from?

Back 126

the outgrowths or the maxillary prominences called palatine shelves

Front 127

the palatine shelves project down on either side of tongue then what?

Back 127

LATER attain a horizontal position and fuse along the palatine raphe to form the secondary palate

Front 128

what does the nasal septum develop from? What does it fuse with

Back 128

medial nasal prominence

fuses with the definitive palate

Front 129

where do the primary and secondary palates fuse? What does that form?

Back 129

incisive foramen

forms definitive palate

Front 130

for the formation of the palates, where does bone develop and not develop.

Back 130

both primary and ant part of secondary

does not form in posterior part of secondary palate

Front 131

what does the posterior part of the secondary palate form?

Back 131

soft palate and uvula

Front 132

what is the most common craniofacial anomaly

Back 132

cleft lip/cleft palate

Front 133

this is where the palatine shelves fail to fuse with the primary palate

Back 133

ant cleft anomalies

Front 134

this is where the palatine shelves fail to fuse with each other and with the nasal septum

Back 134

poster cleft palate

Front 135

this is a combination of both after cleft anomalies and posterior cleft palate.

Back 135

anteroposterior cleft palate

Front 136

this is the most common congenital malformation of the head and neck

Back 136

unilateral cleft lip

Front 137

this is how unilateral cleft lip is formed

Back 137

failure of the maxillary prominence to fuse with the medial nasal prominence

failure of the underlying mesoderm and neural crest to expand resulting in a persistent labial groove

Front 138

this is the failure of the mesenchymal masses in both maxillary prominences to meet and unite with the medial nasal prominences

Back 138

bilateral cleft lip

Front 139

in complete bilateral cleft of the lip and alveolar part of the maxilla, what happens

Back 139

the medial palatal process hangs free and projects anteriorly

Front 140

bilateral cleft lip affects what?

Back 140

the orbicular oris m

Front 141

what does the orbicular oris m do?

Back 141

closes mouth and purses lip

Front 142

this is where the cleft extends through the soft palate and to the incisive fossa

Back 142

complete cleft palate

Front 143

dx'd of facial problems can be seen on US when?

Back 143

2nd trimester