Pharmocology Test #3

Front 1

usually 2% or 3%

Back 1

Anaesthetic

Front 2

epinephrine or other sympathomimetic

Back 2

Vasoconstrictor

Front 3

retards oxidation of epinephrine

Back 3

Antioxidant

Front 4

adjusts pH of solution

Back 4

sodium hydroxide

Front 5

solution isotonic

Back 5

sodium chloride

Front 6

frequently used MDs to control cardiac arrythmias, rapid onset, 1-1.5 hrs with vasoconstrictor

Back 6

Lidocaine (Xylocaine, Octocaine)
*amide

Front 7

similar to lidocaine, usual vasoconstrictor is levonordefrin (Neo-Cobefrin)

Back 7

Mepivacaine (Carbocaine,Polocaine, Isocaine)
*amide

Front 8

less potent, less toxic than lidocaine with slightly longer duration

Back 8

Prilocaine (Citanest)
*amide

Front 9

less toxic, more potent than lidocaine with much longer duration of action. Good for long procedures or post-op surgery

Back 9

Bupivacaine (Marcaine)
*amide

Front 10

usually used as topicals

Back 10

Esters

Front 11

safest, frequently used as an antiarrythmic agent

Back 11

procaine (Novocain)
*Esters

Front 12

propoxycaine (Ravocaine)

Back 12

Esters

Front 13

more potent, more toxic than procaine, slow onset long

Back 13

tetracaine (Pontocaine)

Front 14

How are amides metabolized?

Back 14

by liver

Front 15

How are esters metabolized?

Back 15

by blood

Front 16

How are esters and amides excreted?

Back 16

by the kidneys

Front 17

(Adverse Reactions) to Local Anesthetics
-What two systems does toxicity affect?

Back 17

CNS and C-V

Front 18

1. cns- initial stimulation as restlessness,tremors, and convulsions
2. cns- depression leading to coma and death
3. c-v-myocardial depression, possible fatal arrhythmia

Back 18

adverse reactions to local anesthics

Front 19

What was the first local anesthetic but potential for abuse?

Back 19

Cocaine

Front 20

What do local anesthetics affect?

Back 20

affect myelinated nerves at Nodes of Ranvier

Front 21

What do local anesthetics act by?

Back 21

Interference with the depolarization of the nerve membrane

Front 22

Where do local anesthetics affect first?

Back 22

smaller nonmyelinated nerves, then myelinated nerves

Front 23

1. Benzodiazepines
2. Barbiturates
3. Nonbarbiturates
4. CNS Muscle relaxants
5. Miscellaneous agents

Back 23

Antianxiety Agents

Front 24

In small doses what do antianxiety drugs produce?

Back 24

mild CNS depression resulting in sedation

Front 25

In larger doses what do antianxiety agents do?

Back 25

May induce sleep (hypnotic effect

Front 26

Dizapam (Valium) is included in what category?

Back 26

Benzodiazepines

Front 27

Why are benzodiazepines (Valium) effective to control seizures?

Back 27

due to local anesthetic toxicity

Front 28

Why is are benzodiazepines beneficial with cerebral palsy or paraplegia?

Back 28

It is a skeletal muscle relaxant

Front 29

Where are Benzodiazepines concentrated?

Back 29

In adipose tissues

Front 30

What do Benzodiazepines reduce?

Back 30

*anxiety, and alters perception of time
* aggression and hosility

Front 31

With benzodiazepines what are some an adverse effect that could be beneficial?

Back 31

*CNS-depression: fatigue, drowsiness, muscles weakness
*transiet amenesia

Front 32

IV may lead to what with benzodiazepines?

Back 32

Thrombophelibitis

Front 33

What is the replacement for benzodiazepines in clincal use as antianxiety agents?

Back 33

Barbiturates

Front 34

What is an ultra-short acting barbiturate?

Back 34

Methoheixtal Thiopental

Front 35

What is a short acting barbiturate?

Back 35

Pentobarbital

Front 36

What is an intermediate acting barbiturate?

Back 36

amobarbital

Front 37

What is a long acting barbiturate?

Back 37

phenobarbital

Front 38

What are nonbarbiturates used for?

Back 38

to treat insomina
Zolpiedem (Ambien)

Front 39

What nonbarbiturate is used to sedate kids?

Back 39

Chloral Hydrate (Nortec)
*But benzodiazipines are safer

Front 40

Meprobamate (Equanil,Miltown) are similiar to?

Back 40

Barbiturates

Front 41

What are barbiturates primarily used as?

Back 41

anticonvulsants and to induce general anesthesia

Front 42

Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants are only used for what in dentistry?

Back 42

To treat TMD

Front 43

Baclofen is used to treat?

Back 43

Trigeminal neuralgia (A.K.A Tic Douloroux)acts at spinal level -the fifth nerve

Front 44

increases force and strength of myocardium without increasing oxygen demands?

Back 44

Digoxin (Lanoxin)

Front 45

nifedepipine (Procardia) is the most common?

Back 45

Calcium Channel blocking agents

Front 46

metoprolol (Lopressor) is in what category?

Back 46

Beta-adrenergic Blocking Agents