Pharmocology // Exam 1 [Lecture 3]

Front 1

________: The fluid that's inside the cells.

Back 1

Intracellular fluid

Front 2

________: Any fluid that is not inside the cells.

Back 2

Extracellular fluid

Front 3

______: "Between the cells"

Back 3

Interstitial

Front 4

_______: "Plasma"

Back 4

Intravascular

Front 5

Solute [can/cannot] move freely; water [can/cannot] move freely.

Back 5

Solute CANNOT move freely

Water CAN move freely

Front 6

Solutes can be small particles such as ______, and large molecules such as ______.

Back 6

Electrolytes; Proteins

Front 7

__________: Equal solute concentration in ECF and ICF; Water is equally distributed across ECF and ICF.

Back 7

Osmotic Equilibrium

Front 8

When there is LOWER solute concentration in ECF relative to ICF, what happens to the cells?

Back 8

The cells SWELL.

Front 9

________: When there is lower solute concentration outside the cell, and the cell swells.

Back 9

Hypotonic ECF

Front 10

When there is HIGHER solute concentration in ECF relative to ICF, what happens to the cells?

Back 10

The cells SHRINK.

Front 11

_______: When there is a higher solute concentration outside of the cell, and the cells shrink.

Back 11

Hypertonic ECF

Front 12

What is the most abundant plasma* protein?

Back 12

Albumin

Front 13

What are the normal levels for sodium in the plasma in ECF?

Back 13

135-145 mEq/L

Front 14

What are the normal levels for potassium in the plasma in ECF?

Back 14

3.5-5 mEq/L

Front 15

What are the normal levels for protein in the plasma in ECF?

Back 15

3.5-5 g/dL

Front 16

What are the normal levels for sodium in the plasma in ICF?

Back 16

14 mEq/L

Front 17

What are the normal levels for potassium in the plasma in ICF?

Back 17

140 mEq/L

Front 18

What are the normal levels for protein in the plasma in ICF?

Back 18

16 g/dL

Front 19

When we take plasma lab values, are we measuring the ECF or ICF?

Back 19

Extracellular Fluid- We can't take the ICF values, we are just able to make assumptions based on ECF.

Front 20

When there is a normal amount of sodium in the ECF, what happens to the cells?

Back 20

The cells stay the same.

Front 21

When there is a high level of sodium in the ECF, what happens to the cells?

Back 21

The cells shrink.

Front 22

______: When there is a high level of sodium in the ECF and the cells shrink.

Back 22

Hypernatremia

Front 23

When there is a low level of sodium in the ECF, what happens to the cells?

Back 23

The cells swell.

Front 24

_______: When there is a low level of sodium in the ECF and the cells swell.

Back 24

Hyponatremia

Front 25

What is an example of an isotonic solution?

Back 25

Electrolyte solutions

Front 26

What is an example of a hypertonic solution?

Back 26

Salty broth/soup

Front 27

What is an example of a hypotonic solution?

Back 27

Water

Front 28

With a higher amount of body fat, you have [more/less] total body water.

Back 28

LESS total body water

Front 29

TBW [increases/declines] with age as % body fat increases (or lean body mass decreases).

Back 29

TBW declines

Front 30

During heavy exercise, cardiac output is ___ L/min.

Back 30

25 L/min

Front 31

During rest, cardiac output is ____ L/min.

Back 31

5 L/min

Front 32

________: Movement of ECF from intravascular space to interstitial space; movement in one direction.

Back 32

Filtration

Front 33

"Pulling" forces are ______ pressure.

Back 33

Oncotic pressure (protein concentration)

Front 34

"Pushing" forces are _______ pressure.

Back 34

Hydrostatic pressure (plasma volume)

Front 35

Does low albumin favor or oppose filtration?

Back 35

FAVORS

Front 36

Filtration is [favored/opposed] in the arterial capillaries.

Back 36

Favored

Front 37

[Chart] What two types of pressure favor filtration?

Back 37

-Capillary hydrostatic pressure

-Interstitial oncotic pressure

Front 38

[Chart] What two types of pressure oppose filtration?

Back 38

-Capillary oncotic pressure

-Interstitial hydrostatic pressure

Front 39

Hydrostatic pressure is [higher/lower/same] in the arterial capillary than the venous capillary.

Back 39

Hydrostatic pressure is HIGHER in the arterial capillary than the venous capillary.

Front 40

Oncotic pressure is [higher/lower/same] in the arterial capillary than the venous capillary.

Back 40

Oncotic pressure remains essentially the same in both.

Front 41

In the arterial capillaries, is the net hydrostatic pressure or net oncotic pressure higher?

Back 41

Net hydrostatic pressure

Front 42

Are the arterial capillary pressures +/- mmHg?

Back 42

+9 mmHg

Front 43

In the venous capillaries, is the net hydrostatic pressure or net oncotic pressure higher?

Back 43

Net oncotic pressure

Front 44

Are the venous capillary pressures, are the net filtration pressures +/- mmHg?

Back 44

-8 mmHg

Front 45

What conditions favor edema?

Back 45

-Excess intravascular volume --> High capillary hydrostatic pressure

-Low plasma proteins --> Low capillary oncotic pressure

-Low plasma sodium --> Low capillary osmotic pressure

-Inflammation --> Increased capillary permeability

Front 46

Excess intravascular volume -->

Back 46

High capillary hydrostatic pressure

Front 47

Low plasma proteins -->

Back 47

Low capillary oncotic pressure

Front 48

Low plasma sodium -->

Back 48

Low capillary osmotic pressure

Front 49

Inflammation -->

Back 49

Increased capillary permeability

Front 50

Case Study: Mr. T is a 28 year old man who has just finished running his first marathon and passed out at the finish line. He regains consciousness and his friends take him to an urgent care clinic. It's a hot day and his t-shirt is soaked with perspiration. He's breathing fast and feels very weak and tired.

*Serum lab values: Na- 150 mEq/L (high); K- 4.3 mEq/L (normal)

What effect will Mr. T's serum sodium level have on his intracellular fluid status?

Back 50

His higher sodium lab values mean his cells will shrink.

Front 51

Case Study: Mr. T is a 28 year old man who has just finished running his first marathon and passed out at the finish line. He regains consciousness and his friends take him to an urgent care clinic. It's a hot day and his t-shirt is soaked with perspiration. He's breathing fast and feels very weak and tire.

*Serum lab values: Na- 150 mEq/L (high); K- 4.3 mEq/L (normal)

What type of fluid will be best for Mr. T?

Back 51

Water!

(Sodium levels are high, but potassium levels are normal)

Front 52

What determines fluid movement in and out of cells?

Back 52

The solute content of ECF relative to ICF

Front 53

Filtration can be defined as movement of ECF from ______ to _______.

Back 53

Filtration can be defined as movement of ECF from intravascular space to interstitial space.

Front 54

ECF is made up of _______ and _______ fluid.

Back 54

ECF is made up of intravascular and interstitial space.

Front 55

If hydrogen atoms are increased, pH [increases/decreases].

Back 55

Decreases

Front 56

_______: Negative log of hydrogen ions

Back 56

pH

Front 57

________: Contribute H+ to solution; lower pH

Back 57

Acids

Front 58

________: Accepts H+ to solution; higher pH

Back 58

Bases

Front 59

Why do we care about pH?

Back 59

If pH is outside the normal range, there is a problem with homeostasis and cell function.

Front 60

What is considered normal pH?

Back 60

7.36-7.44

Front 61

Name the three chemical buffer systems.

Back 61

1. Bicarbonate-Carbonic acid buffer (ECF)

2. Protein buffer (ICF)

3. Phosphate buffer (ICF)

Front 62

During the bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer, hydrogen is [liberated/absorbed] and pH is [raised/lowered].

Back 62

Hydrogen is liberated; lowers pH

Front 63

During protein buffer (ICF), hydrogen is [liberated/absorbed] and pH is [raised/lowered].

Back 63

Hydrogen is absorbed; raises pH

Front 64

During phosphate buffer (ICF), hydrogen is [liberated/absorbed] and pH is [raised/lowered].

Back 64

Hydrogen is liberated; lowers pH

Front 65

What two things can the respiratory system do to alter hydrogen ion concentration in solution?

Back 65

1. Add more CO2 gas to the blood (breathe slower and shallower)

2. Remove more CO2 gas from the blood (breathe faster and deeper).

Front 66

Adding CO2 gas to the blood could result in [hypoventilation/hyperventilation].

Back 66

Hypoventilation

Front 67

Removing CO2 gas from the blood could result in [hypoventilation/hyperventilation].

Back 67

Hyperventilation

Front 68

During hypoventilation (adding more CO2 to the blood), will pH be raised or lowered?

Back 68

pH will be LOWERED

Front 69

During hyperventilation (removing more CO2 from the blood), will pH be raised or lowered?

Back 69

pH will be RAISED

Front 70

What two things can the renal system do to alter hydrogen ion concentration of solution?

Back 70

1. Secrete more or less hydrogen into the renal tubule.

2. Reabsorb more or less bicarbonate into the blood.

Front 71

If pCO2 is high, what does that indicate?

Back 71

Acidosis

Front 72

If pCO2 is low, what does that indicate?

Back 72

Alkalosis

Front 73

If HCO3 is high, what does that indicate?

Back 73

Alkalosis

Front 74

If HCO3 is low, what does that indicate?

Back 74

Acidosis

Front 75

To get rid of excess hydrogen ions, what must the ions combine with in the urine?

Back 75

Either dibasic phosphate OR ammonia

Front 76

In the clinical setting, are we generally more interested in arterial or venous blood gases?

Back 76

Arterial

Front 77

During blood gas analysis, if the pH is less than 7.4, what does that indicate?

Back 77

Acidosis

Front 78

During blood gas analysis, if the pH is greater than 7.4, what does that indicate?

Back 78

Alkalosis

Front 79

If acidosis and HCO3 is less than 22, what does that indicate?

Back 79

Metabolic acidosis

Front 80

If acidosis and PCO2 is greater than 45, what does that indicate?

Back 80

Respiratory acidosis

Front 81

If alkalosis and HCO3 is greater than 26, what dos that indicate?

Back 81

Metabolic alkalosis

Front 82

If alkalosis and PCO2 is less than 35, what does that indicate?

Back 82

Respiratory alkalosis