Pharmocology - Drug Action And Handling

Front 1

Def of Potency

Back 1

Amount of a drug needed to produce effect

Front 2

Def of Efficacy

Back 2

Maximum intensity of effect or response that can pe produced by a drug. (regardless of dose)

Front 3

Example of Potency vs. Efficacy

Back 3

Ingesting enough of either whiskey or beer can cause a person to be drunk or unconcious.

They have the same EFFICACY (drunkeness), but their POTENCIES differ because less whiskey is required to produce the same result as several beers

Front 4

Def of ED50 (3)
Example

Back 4

1) Dose of a drug required to produce a specific effect in 50% of subjects

2) Dose that produces half the maximum effict

3) The higher the potency of a drug, the lower the ED50 will be

EX. meperidine (100mg) equals morphine (10mg)

Front 5

Def of LD 50 (lethal dose)

Back 5

Dose when half of the subjects die

Front 6

When drugs are distributed to their site of action, the elicit a _________ effect.

Drugs _______ _____ _____ _____ as an endogenous agent in the body or they ______ ____ ______ of an endogenous agent in the body.
They DO or DO NOT impart a new function???

Back 6

When drugs are distributed to their site of action, the elicit a PHARMACOLOGIC effect.

Drugs PRODUCE THE SAME ACTION as an endogenous agent in the body or they BLOCK THE ACTION of an endogenous agent in the body.
They DO NOT impart a new function???

Front 7

Neurotransmitter sends message across a ________.
The neurotransmitter interacts with a _______. They fit together like a puzzle.
Then an ______ is signaled to be activated.

Back 7

Neurotransmitter sends message across a NERVE SYNAPSE.
The neurotransmitter interacts with a RECEPTOR. They fit together like a puzzle.
Then an ENZYME is signaled to be activated.

Front 8

6 Examples of Neurotransmitters

Back 8

1) acH (acetylcholine)
2) norepinephrine / epinephrine
3) dopamine
4) serotonin
5) GABA
6) histamine

Front 9

Drugs can combine with a ________ to alter the function of the organism, either by _______ or ________ the function.

Back 9

Drugs can combine with a RECEPTOR to alter the function of the organism, either by ENHANCING or INHIBITING the function.

Front 10

Def of Agonist

Note: Naturally occuring __________ are agonists.

Back 10

A drug that has an affinity for a receptor, combines with the receptor, and produces an effect.
Note: Naturally occuring NEUROTRANSMITTERS are agonists.

Front 11

Def of Antagonist

Back 11

A drug that counter acts the action of the agonist.

Front 12

3 Types of Antagonists

Back 12

1) Competitive
2) Noncompetitive
3) Physiologic

Front 13

Routes of administration affects?

Back 13

Affects the onset & duration of response.

Front 14

Def of Enteral

Back 14

Drug is placed directly into the GI tract by oral or rectal.

Front 15

Def Parenteral

Back 15

Drug given bypasses the GI tract by injection, inhalation, topical, etc. (usuallly refers to injection)

Front 16

2 Types of Enteral Drugs

Back 16

1) Oral

2) Rectal

Front 17

Oral drugs (9 facts)

Back 17

1)Common, most popular, simplistic, safe
2) May cause nausea and stomach irritation
3) Some drugs can't be given this way, because of acidity or enzymes in GI tract.
4) Small intestine has a large absorbing area
5) Initially passes through the liver
6) Can inactivate some drugs
7) Termed first pass effect
8) Drugs w/ a high first-pass effect have a larger oral-to-parenteral dose ratio
9) Drugs interactions can occur whtn 2 drugs are present in the stomach

Front 18

Rectal drugs (2 facts)

Back 18

1) useful if patient is vomitting or unconscious

2) Poor absorption & poor compliance

Front 19

8 Types of Parenteral Drugs

Back 19

1) Intravenous
2) Intramuscular
3) Subcutaneous
4) Intradermal
5) Intrathecal
6) Intra peritoneal
7) Inhalation
8) Topical

Front 20

Intravenous Drug (2 facts)

Back 20

1) Most rapid drug reponse with immediate onset.

2) Best for emergencies

Front 21

Intramuscular Drugs (2 facts)

Back 21

1) usually in deltoid or gluteal mass.
2) irritating drugs better tolerated in this route

Front 22

Other Parenteral Drug Examples
- Subcutaneous
- Intradermal
- Intrathecal
- Intra peritoneal
- Inhalation
- Topical

Back 22

- Subcutaneous --> insulin
- Intradermal --> TB skin
- Intrathecal --> the space under the arachnoid membrane of the brain or spinal cord
- Intraperitoneal --> injection into the peritoneum (body cavity).
- Inhalation --> asthma, NO2
- Topical --> acne

Front 23

Topical route

Back 23

Through skin, oral mucosa, sublingually

Front 24

Topical route
- 1 fact
- 7 examples

Back 24

1) most drugs do not penetrate intact skin

Examples
1) Local anesthetic gel or spray
2) Sublingual nitroglycerine
3) Sublingual strips & gels (Periochip)
4) Transdermal patch
5) Lidocaine patch
6) birth control patch
7) creams

Front 25

Def of pharmacokinetics

Back 25

The study of how a drug enters, circulates, is changed, and leaves the body.

Includes absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.

Front 26

Def of Absorption

Back 26

Process by which drug molecules are transferred from the site of administration to the circulating blood.

This process requires the drug to pass through biologic membranes.

Front 27

Absorption is Effected by ...

Back 27

Physicochemical factors, site of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

Front 28

Drugs are found in the blood in 2 forms..

Back 28

1) Bound

2) Free

Front 29

Free drug in blood
- Is what...?
- Can pass where?

Back 29

Exerts (puts into use) the pharmacologic effect

Can pass across cell membrane

Front 30

Bound drug in blood
- Is a...?

Back 30

Is a reservoir for the drug.

Front 31

Distribution
- definition
- allows...?
- effects...?

Back 31

Def = the passage of drugs into various body fluid compartments.

Allows a drug to be made available at its site of action so that it can exert it activity.

Effects how rapidly the drug produces a desired reponse & duration.

Front 32

Distribution
- occurs...?

Back 32

Occurs when a drug moves to various sites in the body.
Both to the site of action & to non-specific tissues where no action is desired.

Front 33

Distribution
- effected by...? (5)

Back 33

Effected by:
1) size of organ
2) blood flow to organ
3) solubility of drug
4) plasma protein binding capacity
5) presence of barriers

Front 34

Metabolism
- definition
- where?

Back 34

Def = Bodies way of changing a drug so that it can be more easily excreated

Where = Most commonly this transformation takes place in the Liver

Front 35

Route of drug excreation

Back 35

1) renal (kidney) - most important
2) lungs
3) bile
4) GI tract
5) sweat
6) saliva
7) breast milk
...Drugs can be excreated unchanged or metabolized

Front 36

Factors altering drug effects (11)

Back 36

1) patient compliance
2) phycological factors
3) tolerance (need for increasingly larger doses)
4) pathology (liver and kidney disease)
5) time of administration
6) route of administration
7) gender
8) genetic variation
9) drug interactions
10) age / weight
11) Environment (smoking induces enzymes)

Front 37

Calculation of children's dose (3)

Back 37

1) Weight

2) Age

3) Surface area (fx of weight & height)

Front 38

Half Life
- Def of
- 2 Types

Back 38

Amount of time it takes for the concentration of a drug to fall to half of its level in the blood.

Types
1) short half life = short duration
2) long half life = long duration

Front 39

If the half life is 30 mins.

After 30 min ___% of the drug remains.

After another 30 min, half of the __% = __% remains

After another 30 min, half of the __% = __% remains

By __ or __ half lives the drug is gone.

Back 39

If the half life is 30 mins.

After 30 min 50% of the drug remains.

After another 30 min, half of the 50% = 25% remains

After another 30 min, half of the 25% = 12.5% remains

By 4 or 5 half lives the drug is gone.