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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. What are the three parts of the autonomic nervous system?
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1. Sympathetic
2. Para-sympathetic 3. Enteric (in GI tract) |
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2. What are the two main functions of the ANS?
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1. Maintenance of homeostasis
2. Regulation of visceral functions: -circulation -respiration -digestion -metabolism -body temperature -exocrine secretion |
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3. What five things does the ANS innervate?
How are the functions of the ANS regulated? What are the two main signaling molecules? |
1. Heart
2. Blood vessels 3. Glands 4. Smooth muscle 5. Visceral organs Tight regulation by signaling molecules Acetylcholine and epinephrine/norepinephrine |
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4. What are some clinical uses of autonomic drugs for cardiovascular diseases?
Four things... |
1. Hypertension
2. Hypotension 3. Angina Pectoris 4. Cardiac failure |
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5. What is a clinical uses of autonomic drugs for respiratory disease?
What else are autonomic drugs used for clinically? |
Bronchial asthma (β2 agonists)
1. GI disorders 2. Ocular disease (glaucoma) 3. Neurological diseases |
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6. How are autonomic drugs useful in a medical emergencies?
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1. Shock
-anaphylactic *epinephrine dilates bronchiles reversing histamine vasoconstriction -cardiogenic 2. Intoxication -mushrooms -pesticides |
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7. What does the somatic nervous innervate?
How are skeletal muscles innervated in the somatic nervous system? |
Innervates skeletal muscle
Innervated by a single myelinated axon from a spinal motorneuron |
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8. How are both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems a two-neuron system?
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Pre-ganglionic neurons located in spinal cord or medulla oblongata
**myelinated and synapse w/ post-ganglionic neurons Post-ganglionic nerve fibers are unmyelinated **innervate heart, blood vessels, glands, smooth muscles, etc. |
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9. Where are the cell bodies the sympathetic nervous system principally located?
How are the pre-ganglionic fibers? Where are the ganglia located? How are the postganglionic fibers? How is the distribution? |
T1 to L2 or L3 of spinal cord
Short 1. Paravertebral ganglia 2. Prevertebral ganglia 3. Adrenal chromaffin cells Long Diffuse |
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10. What is the adrenal medulla?
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Modified ganglia that excretes epinephrine
Important organ esp in sympathetic nervous system **sits on top of kidney |
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11. What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?
What response is it involved in? Does it require energy? Is it essential to life? |
Adjusts the response in stressful situation: trauma, fear, hypoglycemia, cold, exercise
**accelerator in car "Fight of flight" and wide array of physiological activities Ergotropic - leading to energy expenditure Not essential to life |
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12. Where are cell bodies in the parasympathetic nervous located?
Where are their axons carried to? How are the pre-ganglionic fibers? Where are the ganglia located? How are the post-ganglionic fibers? How is the distribution? |
Located in medulla oblongata and gray area of sacral spinal cord
Carried in CN 3, 7, 9, 10 and sacral nerves S2-S4 Long Within or very near organs innervated Short Discrete (localized) |
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13. What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
What response is it involved in? What does it affect? What does it lead to? Is it essential for life? |
Maintains essential bodily functions
**brake (inhibitory system) "Rest and digest" Affects specific organs (localized distribution) Trophotropic - leading to growth Essential for life |
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14. In the sympathetic nervous system what do pre-ganglionic fibers release?
What does the NT do? What the majority of post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers release? What does this NT do? |
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Stimulates nictoninc (N) receptors on post-ganglionic neurons Norepinephrine (NE) Stimulates α and β adrenergic receptors on effector cells |
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15. Besides NE what do some sympathetic post-ganglionic fibers release?
What does this NT do? What adrenal chromaffin cells release? What NT is occasionally released by sympathetic post-ganglionic fibers and where does it go to? |
ACh
Stimulates muscarininc receptors on sweat glands Epinephrine and NE Dopamine to renal vascular smooth muscle |
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16. What NT is released from all neurons in the spinal cord?
What are the post-ganglionic NT of the sympathetic nervous system? |
ACh (principle NT)
NE is the main ***Except for ACh to sweat glands and dopamine to renal vascular smooth muscle |
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17. In the parasympathetic nervous system what do pre-ganglionic fibers release?
What does the NT do? What do post-ganglionic fibers release? What does the NT do? |
ACh
Stimulate nicotinic receptors on post-ganglionic neurons ACh Stimulates muscarinic receptors on effector cells |
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18. What are co-transmitters?
What can pre-synaptic receptors do? |
NT released in addition to primary transmitter by autonomic neurons that modulate the activity of the primary NT
Can regulate NT release |
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19. In the somatic nervous system what do efferent fibers release?
What does this NT do? What is the principle NT for cholinergic fibers? What is the principle NT for adrenergic fibers? |
ACh
Stimulate nicotinic receptors onthe motor end plate Cholingergic --> ACh Adrenergic --> NE |
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20. What are the steps in cholingergic transmission?
Six steps... |
1. Transport of choline (precursor) into cell
2. Acetyl CoA + choline -> ACh 3. Transport of ACh 4. Ca comes in to phosphorylate 5. Vesicle-associated membrane proteins 6. Synaptosome-associated proteins |
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21. What are the steps in adrenergic transmission?
Five steps... |
1. Transport of tyrosine
2. Transport of dopamine 1,2 uptake 3. NE 4. SNAPs 5. VAMPs |
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22. What are some other ANS transmitters?
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ATP, peptides, nitric oxide (NO)
Other signaling molecules are present in other autonomic nerves |
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23. What are the autonomic receptors for the parasympathetic nervous system?
What does it affect? (three things) |
Mucarinic (cholinergic - ACh)
1. Cardiac and smooth muscle 2. Gland cells 3. Nerve terminals |
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24. What are the autonomic receptors for the parasympathetic nervous system?
What does each affect? |
1. Muscarinic (ACh)
-sweat glands 2. αβ receptors (adrenergic - NE) -cardiac and smooth muscle -gland cells -nerve terminals 3. D1 -renal vascular smooth muscle |
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25. What is the autonomic receptor for the somtaic nervous system?
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Nicotinic cholinergic receptors (ACh)
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26. What do muscarinic cholinoreceptors do?
Two things... |
1. Increase IP3 and DAG, thus increasing intracellular Ca
2. Open K channels and inhibit adenylyl cylcase |
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27. What are the two types of nicotinic receptors?
What do nicotinic cholinoreceptors do? |
1. Nn (ganglia)
*peripheral nerve 2. Nm (neuromuscular) *on skeletal muscle Open Na and K channels |
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28. What type of drug is atropine?
What does it do? What happens clinically when taking atropine |
Muscarinic antagonist
Blocks action of ACh affecting the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system **whatever is innervated by cholinergic NT Blocks sweating |
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29. What are the two types of adrenergic receptors?
What do α1 receptors do? What are α2 receptors? |
Alpha (α) and beta (β) receptors
Alpha 1 agonist causing vasoconstriction (increase intracellular Ca) Found in neurons (decrease cAMP) |
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30. In general what do beta receptors do?
Where is each subtype mainly found? |
Increase cAMP
β1 --> mainly in heart (vasodilate) β2 --> bronchiole |
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31. What dopaminergic receptors are found in the kidney?
What do they do? |
D1 and D5
Stimulate adenylyl cyclase increasing cAMP |
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32. How does the stimulation of adrenergic β1 receptors affect the heart?
Three things... |
1. Increase heart rate
2. Increase conduction velocity 3. Increase contractility **stimulating sympathetic nervous system via NE **β mainly in heart (vasodilation) |
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33. How does stimulation of cholinergic M2 receptors affect the heart?
Three things... |
1. Decrease heart rate
2. Decrease conduction velocity 3. Decrease contractility **parasympathetic via ACh and vagus nerve is main supplier |
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34. What is the adrenergic receptor and response in the blood vessels?
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1. α in the skin, splanchnic vessels (peripheral vessels)
**vasoconstriction 2. In skeletal muscle have both α and β **α -> constriction β -> dilation |
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35. What is the cholinergic receptor and response in the blood vessels?
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Muscarinic (M3) agonist will cause vasodilation and resulting drop in blood pressure
**dilation is caused by release of NO from endothelium **no physiologic innervation of vagus to blood vessels but still have receptor (mis-match) |
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36. What is the adrenergic receptor and response in the respiratory tract?
Which medicine reduces bronchial secretion and is given often as a pre-opt drug? |
1. β2 bronchodilation
-bronchial smooth muscle relaxation 2. α1 bronchial glands -decreased secretion Atropine |
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37. What is the cholinergic receptor and response in the respiratory tract?
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1. M3 bronchoconstriction
-bronchial smooth muscle contraction 2. M bronchial glands -increased secretion |
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38. What is the adrenergic receptor and response in the GI tract?
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1. β2α2 longitudinal smooth muscle relaxation
2. α1 sphincters are contracted |
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39. What is the cholinergic receptor and response in the GI tract?
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1. M2 longitudinal muscle contraction
2. M3 sphincters relaxation 3. M3 increased secretion 4. M1 activates myenteric plexus |
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40. What are the adrenergic receptor and responses in the eye?
Three things... |
1. Iris α1
-radial muscle contraction (mydriasis) *dilation 2. Ciliary muscle β -relaxation (far vision) 3. Ciliary epithelium β -secretion of aqueous humor (tear secretion) |
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41. What are the cholinergic receptor and response in the eye?
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1. Iris M3
-circular muscle contraction (miosis) *constriction of pupil 2. Ciliary muscle M3 -contraction (near vision) |
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42. What are the adrenergic receptor and response in the bladder?
Two things... |
1. Detrusor wall β2 relaxation
2. Sphincter α1 contraction |
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43. What is the cholinergic receptor and response in the bladder?
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Detrusor wall M3 contraction
**mainly under cholinergic tone |
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44. What are the adrenergic receptor and response in the genital tract?
Three things... |
1. Uterus, pregnant
-α1 contraction -β2 relaxation 2. Penis -α1 ejaculation 3. Prostate -α1 contraction |
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45. What are the cholinergic receptor and response in the genital tract?
Two things... |
1. Uterus, pregnant
-M3 contraction 2. Penis -M erection |
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46. What are the adrenergic receptor and response in the skin?
Two things... |
1. Pilomotor smooth muscle
-α1 contraction 2. Sweat glands -α1 localized secretion (apocrine) *frightened |
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47. What is the cholingeric receptor and response in the skin?
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Sweat gland M give generalized secretion (thermoregulation)
Very important esp in children **side effect of atropine is high body temperature |
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48. What are the adrenergic receptor and response in the salivary glands?
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α1 small K and water secretion
β amylase secretion |
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49. What is the cholinergic receptor and response in the salivary glands?
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M is stimulatory
Profuse, watery secretion |
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50. How do adrenergic functions affect metabolic functions?
Four things... |
1. Liver
-glycogenolysis -gluconeogenesis 2. Kidney -renin secretion 3. Pancreas -insulin secretion 4. Adipose tissue -lipolysis |
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51. What is the systemic baroreflex?
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Integrated response where there is automatic or rapid adjustment of the blood pressure
If bp increases the parasympathetic nervous system is activated while the sympathetic nervous system is depressed |
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52. What are six sites of pharmocological intervention?
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1. Inhibit synthesis of NT
2. Promote or inhibit release of NT 3. Interfere w/ storage of NT 4. Interfere w/ neuronal uptake 5. Inhibit metabolism of NT 6. Activate or block autonomic receptors |
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53. What are the three types of adrenergic agonists?
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1. Direct acting
2. Indirect acting 3. Mixed acting |
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55. How can direct acting adrenergic agonists work?
(two ways) What about indirect acting? (three ways) |
1. Stimulate alpha receptors
2. Stimulate beta receptors 1. Enhance release 2. Block re-uptake 3. Prevent enzymatic degradation |
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55. In what three ways can adrenergic antagonists act?
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1. Block alpha receptors
2. Block beta receptors 3. Neuronal blockers |
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56. How can direct acting cholinergic agonists work?
(two ways) What about indirect acting? (two ways) |
1. Stimulate muscarinic receptors
2. Stimulate nicotinic receptors 1. Inhibit cholinesterase 2. Stimulate ACh release |
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57. What are the two types of cholinergic antagonists?
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1. Muscarinic antagonist
2. Nicotinic antagonist -ganglion blockers -neuromuscular blockers |
