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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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FUNGAL CELL WALL IS COMPOSED OF....
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1,3 D-GLUCAN (NOT IN MAMMALIAN CELLS)
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WHEN USING A DRUG THAT INHIBITS FUNGAL CELL WALL SYNTHESIS HOW DOES IT WORK?
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ECHINOCANDINS TARGET THE ENZYME THAT SYNTHESIS 1,3 D-GLUCAN
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WHEN USING A DRUG THAT INHIBITS BACTERIAL CELL WALL SYNTHESIS, HOW IS IT WORKING?
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BACTERIAL ANTIBIOTICS BLOCK PEPTIDASES THAT LINK GLYCAN MOLECULE WHICH STOPS THE FORMATION OF BASIC PEPTIDOGLYCAN SUBUNITS (ELONGATION)
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DOES THE DRUGS THAT INHIBIT BACTERIAL CELL WALL SYNTHESIS TARGET OLDER CELLS OR YOUNG CELLS?
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YOUNG CELLS AS THEY ARE GROWING AND HAVE NOT YET COMPLETED FULL PEPTIDOGLYCAN FORMATION.
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A DRUG THAT INHIBITS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS TARGETS WHAT AREAS?
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1. 70S RIBOSOMES
2. 30 S SUBUNITS 3. 50 S 4. BINDS TO tRNA 5. ANTISENSES NUCLEIC ACIDS |
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REGARDING THE DRUG THAT INHIBITS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, WHAT DOES IT DO TO TARGETS 30S SUBUNITS?
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1. CHANGES SHAPE TO PREVENT IT FROM READING mRNA.
2. BLOCKS tRNA BINDING |
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REGARDING THE DRUG THAT INHIBITS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, WHAT DOES IT DO TO TARGETS 50S?
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1. BLOCKS ENZYMATIC SITE TO PREVENT TRANSLATION.
2. PREVENTS MOVEMENT OF CONDONS THROUGH THE RIBOSOME. |
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REGARDING THE DRUG THAT INHIBITS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, WHAT DOES IT DO WHEN IT BINDS TO tRNA?
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1. BINDS TO tRNA THAT IS CARRYING ISOLEUCINE
2. WILL NOT BIND TO EUKARYOTIC tRNA |
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REGARDING THE DRUG THAT INHIBITS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, WHAT DOES IT DO WHEN IT ANTISENSES NUCLEIC ACIDS?
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MAKES IT SO THAT IT CANNOT SENSE A RNA OR SINGLE STRANDED DNA COMPLEMENTARY TO mRNA MOLECULES OF PATHOGENS.
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REGARDING THE DRUG THAT INHIBITS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, WHAT DOES IT DO WHEN IT TARGETS 70S RIBOSOMES?
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SELECTIVE AGAINST BACTERIA BUT MAY CAUSE DAMAGE TO EUKARYOTIC MITOCHONDRIA (CELLS LIKE LIVER AND MUSCLE CELLS MAY BE AFFECTED)
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WHAT DO DRUGS THAT INTERFERE WITH CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURES OR FUNCTIONS TARGET?
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1. DAMAGES MEMBRANES INTEGRITY
2. DISRUPTS TRANSPORT ACROSS THE CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE 3. CHANGE PERMEABILITY OF MEMBRANE 4. INHIBITS SYNTHESIS OF MEMBRANE COMPONENTS |
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REGARDING DRUGS THAT INTERFERE WITH CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURES OR FUNCTIONS, WHAT HAPPENS TO THE CELL ONCE IT HAS BEEN TARGETED?
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CELLS WITH DAMAGED MEMBRANES DIE FROM DISRUPTION IN METABOLISM OR LYSIS
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REGARDING DRUGS THAT INTERFERE WITH CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURES OR FUNCTIONS, DOES THE CELL HAVE TO BE DIVIDING TO BE DESTROYED?
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CELLS DO NOT HAVE TO BE ACTIVELY DIVIDING TO BE DESTROYED.
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REGARDING DRUGS THAT INTERFERE WITH CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURES OR FUNCTIONS, DO THESE DRUG TREAT A MULTITUDE OF DIFFERENT MICROBES?
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NO, THESE DRUGS HAVE SPECIFICITY FOR PARTICULAR MICROBIAL GROUPS BASED ON DIFFERENCES IN THE TYPES OF LIPIDS IN THEIR CELL MEMBRANES. HOWEVER, THEY CAN BE QUITE TOXIC TO HUMANS BECAUSE SELECTIVITY IS NOT EXACT.
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HOW DOES A DRUG THAT INHIBITS NUCLEIC ACID (RNA & DNA) STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION ACT ON THE BODY?
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1. BLOCK SYNTHESIS OF NUCLEOTIDES
2. INHIBITS REPLICATION 3. STOPS TRANSCRIPTION 4. INHIBITS DNA SYNTHESIS |
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WHAT PROBLEMS ARE ASSOCIATES WITH A DRUG THAT INHIBITS NUCLEIC ACID (RNA & DNA) STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION?
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1. DRUG AFFECTS BOTH EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC NUCLEIC ACID AS THEY ARE ONLY SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT.
2. ANTIMICROBIALS MAY USE A NUCLEOTIDE ANALOG THAT CAN BECOME INCORPORATED INTO THE NUCLEIC ACID, SINCE THEY ARE STRUCTURALLY SIMILAR TO NORMAL NUCLEOTIDES. THIS WOULD INTERFERE WITH THEIR FUNCTION. |
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A DRUG THAT INHIBITS METABOLIC PATHWAYS DOES WHAT IN THE BODY?
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1. LOOKS FOR DIFFERENCES IN METABOLISM OF PATHOGEN AND HOST.
2. INTERFERES WITH ELECTRON TRANSPORT BY INACTIVATING ENZYMES 3. BLOCKS ACTIVATION OF VIRUSES 4. BLOCKS TUBULIN POLYMERIZATION (INTERFERES WITH GLUCOSE UPTAKE IN PROTOZOA AND HELMINTHS) BY CREATING A METABOLIC ANTAGONIST. |
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WHAT ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS TARGET CELL WALLS?
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1. BACITRACIN
2. ISONIAZID 3. VANCOMYCIN 4. BETA LACTAM DRUGS 5. EHAMBUTOL |
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ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
- BACITRACIN -CHARACTERISTICS |
1. NARROW SPECTRUM DRUG
2. MAJOR INGREDIENT IN NEOSPORIN 3. USED TO COMBAT SUPERFICIAL SKIN INFECTIONS CAUSED BY STREPTOCOCCI AND STAPHYLOCOCCI |
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ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
- ISONIAZID AND EHAMBUTOL - CHARACTERISTICS |
1. NARROW SPECTRUM
2. PREVENTS FORMATION OF MYCOLIC ACID 3. BACTERICIDAL TO GROWING MYCOBACTERIUM CELLS THIS IS UNIQUE TO TB |
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WHAT CLASS OF DRUGS TARGET CELL WALLS?
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ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
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ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
- VANCOMYCIN - CHARACTERISTICS |
1. NARROW SPECTRUM (TARGETS GRAM +)
2. USED FOR STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS THAT ARE PENICILIIN AND METHICILLIN RESISTANT. |
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ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
LIST THE BETA LACTAM DRUGS |
1. PENICILLINS
2. CEPHALOSPORINS 3. AZTREONAM |
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ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
BETA LACTAM DRUGS - PENICILLINS - CHARACTERISTICS |
1. PRIMARY PROBLEM - ALLERGIC REACTION
2. RELATIVELY MILD AND WELL TOLERATED DUE TO MODE OF ACTION ON CELL WALLS 3. DRUG OF CHOICE FOR INFECTIONS FOR KNOWN SENSITIVE GRAM + AND SOME GRAM - BACTERIA. 4. TARGETS CELL WALL |
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IS PENICILLIN A SINGLE OR DOUBLE RING STRUCTURE?
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DOUBLE
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IS CEPHALOSPORIN A SINGLE OR DOUBLE RING STRUCTURE?
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DOUBLE
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IS AZTREONAM A SINGLE OR DOUBLE RING STRUCTURE?
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SINGLE
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ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
BETA LACTAM DRUGS - CEPHALOSPORINS - CHARACTERISTICS |
1. MAJORITY OF ANTIBIOTICS ADMINISTERED
2. BROAD SPECTRUM 3. RESISTANT TO MOST PENICILLINASES 4. CAUSES LESS ALLERGIC REACTION THAN PENICILLIN 5. POORLY ABSORBED IN INTESTINE, THEREFORE BEST MODE OF ADMINISTRATION IS VIA INJECTION INTO MUSCLE OR VEIN. 6. TARGETS CELL WALL |
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ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
BETA LACTAM DRUGS - AZTREONAM - CHARACTERISTICS |
1. NARROW SPECTRUM (AEROBIC GRAM -)
2. MONOBACTAM 3. USED FOR PATIENTS ALLERGIC TO PENICILLIN 4. TARGETS CELL WALL |
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WHAT ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS TARGET PROTEIN SYNTHESIS?
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1. AMINOGLYCOSIDE DRUGS
2. TETRACYCLINES 3. CHLORAMPHENICOL 4. MACROLIDES 5. OXAZOLIDONES 6. LINCOSAMIDES 7. MUPIROCIN |
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ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
AMINOGLYCOSIDE DRUGS CHARACTERISTICS |
1. PRODUCED BY VARIOUS SPECIES OF SOIL ACTINOMYCETES IN THE GENERA STREPTOMYCES AND MICROMONOSPORA
2. RELATIVELY BROAD SPECTRUM BECAUSE THEY INHIBIT PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 3. TARGETS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS |
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ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
NAME THREE DRUGS THAT ARE AMINOGLYCOSIDE DRUGS. |
1. GENTAMICIN
2. NEOMYCIN 3. STREPTOMYCIN |
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ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
TETRACYCLINES CHARACTERISTICS |
1. BROAD SPECTRUM (GRAM + & - AND MYCOPLASMAS.
2. BINDS TO 30S SUBUNIT OF RIBOSOMES AND BLOCK PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 3. PREVENT tRNA FROM BINDING. |
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ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
CHLORAMPHENICOL CHARACTERISTICS |
1. BROAD SPECTRUM
2. BLOCKS PEPTIDE BOND FORMATION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS BY BINDING TO 50S SUBUNITS 3. TOXIC TO HUMAN CELLS 4. RESTRICTED TO TYPHOID FEVER AND BRAIN ABSCESSES |
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ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
MACROLIDES CHARACTERISTICS |
1. BROAD SPECTRUM (GRAM + AND SOME GRAM -)
2. FAIRLY LOW TOXICITY 3. BLOCKS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS BY ATTACHING TO THE RIBOSOME (50S SUBUNIT) 4. PREVENTS ELONGATION |
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ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
NAME TWO DRUGS THAT ARE MACROLIDES DRUGS. |
1. AZITHROMYCIN
2. ERYTHROMYCIN |
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ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
NAME A DRUG THAT IS A LINCOSAMIDES DRUG. |
CLINDAMYCIN - LIMITED DUE TO POSSIBLE ADVERSE REACTIONS IN THE G-I TRACT.
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ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
OXAZOLIDONES CHARACTERISTICS |
1. SYNTHETIC ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
2. INHIBIT INITIATION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 3. BASED ON SYNTHETIC HOPEFULLY RESISTANCE WILL DEVELOP SLOWLY 4. USED TO TREAT GRAM + 5. USED TO TREAT INFECTIONS CAUSED BY METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AREUS (MRSA) AND VANCOMYCIN RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCUS (VRE) 6. TARGETS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS |
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ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
LINCOSAMIDES CHARACTERISTICS |
1. BROAD SPECTRUM (GRAM + AND ANAEROBIC GRAM -)
2. TARGETS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS |
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ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
MUPIROCIN CHARACTERISTICS |
1. BINDS TO tRNA CARRYING ISOLEUCINE, BLOCKING PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
2. USED TO TOPICALLY TO TREAT GRAM + INFECTIONS 3. TARGETS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS |
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ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
NITROIMIDAZOLE CHARACTERISTICS |
1. TARGET NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS
2. DAMAGES DNA 3. OBLIGATE ANAEROBIC BACTERIA |
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ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
SUFONAMIDES CHARACTERISTICS |
1. ANTIMETABOLITES
2. FIRST MODERN ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS 3. SYNTHETIC DO NOT ORIGINATE FROM BACTERIA OR FUNGI 4. INHIBITS THE FIRST STEP IN THE METABOLIC PATHWAY FOR FOLIC ACID 5. BROAD SPECTRUM (GRAM +, GRAM -, SOME PROTOZOA AND FUNGI) 6. RESISTANCE IS WIDESPREAD |
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ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
TRIMETHOPRIM CHARACTERISTICS |
1. ANTIMETABOLITES
2. INHIBITS THE SECOND STEP IN THE METABOLIC PATHWAY FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF FOLIC ACID 3. BROAD SPECTRUM (GRAM+, GRAM -, SOME PROTOZOA AND FUNGI) 4. RESISTANCE WIDESPREAD |
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ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
DAPSONE CHARACTERISTICS |
1. ANTIMETABOLITES
2. NARROW SPECTRUM (MYCOBACTERIA) 3. INTERFERES WITH SYNTHESIS OF FOLIC ACID |
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ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
FLUOROQUINOLINES CHARACTERISTICS |
1. TARGETS NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS
2. SYNTHETIC AGENTS THAT INHIBIT DNA GYRASE (NEEDED FOR BACTERIAL REPLICATION) 3. BROAD SPECTRUM (GRAM + AND GRAM -) 4. HIGH POTENCY |
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ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
RIFAMYCIN CHARACTERISTICS |
1. TARGETS NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS
2. BINDS TO RNA POLYMERASE TO PREVENT TRANSCRIPTION 3. BACTERIOSTATIC - (CONTROLS) AEROBIC GRAM + 4. BACTERICIDAL - (KILLS) MYCOBACTERIA |
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ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
POLYMYXINS CHARACTERISTICS |
1. TARGETS CELL MEMBRANES
2. NARROW SPECTRUM 3. PEPTIDE ANTIBIOTICS WITH A FATTY ACID COMPONENT THAT CONTRIBUTES TO THEIR DETERGENT ACTIVITY 4. LIMITED BY THEIR TOXICITY TO THE KIDNEYS 5. USED TO TREAT DRUG RESISTANT PSUEDOMONAS AURUGINOSA |
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ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
PYRAZINAMIDE CHARACTERISTICS |
1. TARGETS CELL MEMBRANE
2. DISRUPTS MEMBRANE TRANSPORT 3. USED TO TREAT MYCOBACTERIA |
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ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
NAME TWO DRUGS THAT ARE FLUOROQUINOLINES DRUGS. |
1. CIPROFLOXACIN
2. LEVOFLOXACIN |
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ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
NAME A DRUG THAT IS A NITROIMIDAZOLE DRUG. |
METRONIDAZOLE
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ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
NAME A DRUG THAT IS A RIFAMYCIN DRUG. |
RIFAMPIN
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NAME THREE TYPES OF ANTIMETABOLITIC DRUGS.
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1. SULFONAMIDES
2. TRIMETHOPRIM 3. DAPSONE |
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NAME THREE TYPES OF DRUG THAT TARGET NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS.
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1. NITROIMIDAZOLE
2. FLUOROQUINOLINES 3. RIFAMYCIN |
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NAME TWO TYPES OF DRUG THAT TARGET CELL MEMBRANES.
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1. POLYMYXINS
2. PYRAZINAMIDE |
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NAME FIVE WAYS THAT ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS TARGET OR FUNCTION?
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1. TARGET CELL WALL
2. TARGET PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 3. TARGET NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS 4. TARGET CELL MEMBRANES 5. INHIBITS METABOLIC PATHWAYS |
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ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS - POLYENES CHARACTERISTICS |
1. TARGETS CELL MEMBRANE
2. INTERACTS WITH ERGOSTEROL TO FORM PORE THROUGH MEMBRANE |
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LIST TWO ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTIFUNGAL DRUG IN THE POLYENES CLASS?
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1. AMPHOTERCIN B
2. NUSTATIN |
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ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS - AZOLES CHARACTERISTICS |
1. INHIBITS SYNTHESIS OF ERGOSTEROL
2. TARGETS CELL MEMBRANE |
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LIST TWO ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTIFUNGAL DRUG IN THE AZOLES CLASS?
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1. FLUCONAZOLE
2. KETOCONAZOLE |
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ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS - GRISEOFULVIN CHARACTERISTICS |
DEACTIVATES TUBULIN SO PREVENTS CYTOKINESIS AND SEGREGATION OF CHROMOSOMES IN MITOSIS
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ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS - 5-FLUOROCYTOSINE CHARACTERISTICS |
ENZYME IN FUNGI CONVERTS THE DRUG TO 5-FLUOROURACIL (ANALOG; INHIBITS RNA FUNCTION
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ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
ANTIPROTOZOAN DRUGS - QUINOLONES CHARACTERISTICS |
1. INHIBITS DNA SYNTHESIS
2. INHIBITS METABOLISM OF MALARIA PARASITES BY ONE OR MORE UNKNOWN METHODS |
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ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
ANTIPROTOZOAN DRUGS - NITROIMIDAZOLES CHARACTERISTICS |
1. INHIBITS DNA SYNTHESIS
2. DAMES DNA, PREVENTING REPLICATION AND TRANSCRIPTION |
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ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
ANTIPROTOZOAN DRUGS - BEZIMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVES CHARACTERISTICS |
1. ANTIMETABOLITES
2. INHIBITS MICROTUBULE FORMATION AND GLUCOSE UPTAKE 3. USED TO TREAT INFECTIONS CAUSED BY HELMINTHS AND PROTOZOA |
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ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
ANTIPROTOZOAN DRUGS - SULFONIMIDES/TRIMETHOPRIM CHARACTERISTICS |
1. ANTIMETABOLITES
2. BLOCKS FOLIC ACID SYNTHESIS BY ACTING AS METABOLIC ANALOGS |
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LIST THREE ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTIPROTOZOAN DRUG IN THE QUINOLONES CLASS?
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1. CHOROQUINE
2. MEFLOQUINE 3. PRIMAQUINE |
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LIST ONE ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTIPROTOZOAN DRUG IN THE BEZIMIDAZOLE DRIVATIVE CLASS?
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MEBENDAZOLE
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LIST TWO ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTIPROTOZOAN DRUG IN THE NITROIMIDAZOLES CLASS?
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1. BENZIDAZOLE
2. METRONIDAZOLE |
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LIST TWO ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTIHELMINTHIC DRUG IN THE BENZIMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVES CLASS?
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1. ALBENDAZOLE
2. MENENDAZOLE |
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LIST TWO ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTIVIRAL DRUG IN THE NEURAMINIDASE CLASS?
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1. OSELTAMIVIR
2. ZANAMIVIR |
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LIST TWO ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTIVIRUS DRUG IN THE NUCLEOTIDE ANALOGS CLASS?
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1. AZIDOTHYMIDINE (AZT)
2. VALACICLOVIR |
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ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
ANTIHELMINTHIC DRUGS - BEZIMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVES CHARACTERISTICS |
1. ANTIMETABOLITES
2. INHIBITS MICROTUBULE FORMATION AND GLUCOSE UPTAKE 3. TARGET INFECTIONS CAUSED BY HELMINTHS AND PROTOZOA |
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ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
ANTIHELMINTHIC DRUGS - PRAZIQUANTEL CHARACTERISTICS |
1. ANTIMETABOLITES
2. CHANGES MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY TO CALCIUM, INDCES COMPLETE MUSCLE CONTRACTION IN HELMINTHS |
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ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
ANTIHELMINTHIC DRUGS - IVERMECTIN CHARACTERISTICS |
1. ANTIMETABOLITES
2. PRODUCE FLACCID PARALYSIS BY BLOCKING NEUROTRANSMITTERS |
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ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
ANTIVIRAL DRUGS - NEURAMINIDASE CHARACTERISTICS |
1. ATTACHMENT ANTAGONISTS
2. PREVENTS INFLUENZA VIRUSES FROM ATTACHING TO OR EXITING FROM CELLS |
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ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
ANTIVIRAL DRUGS PROTEASE INHIBITORS CHARACTERISTICS |
1. INHIBIT VIRAL PROTEINS
2. COMPUTER ASSISTED MODELING OF PROTEASE ENZYME ALLOWED CREATION OF DRUG TO BLOCK ACTIVE SITE. 3. PROTEASE UNIQUE TO HIV |
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ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
ANTIVIRAL DRUGS AMANTIDINE/RIMANTADINE CHARACTERISTICS |
1. INHIBIT VIRAL UNCOATING
2. NEUTRALIZE ACID ENVIRONMENT REQUIRED FOR INFLUENZA A UNCOATING WITHIN PHAGOLYSOSOMES |
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ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
ANTIVIRAL DRUGS ACYCLOVIR CHARACTERISTICS |
1. INHIBIT NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS
2. INHIBITS DNA AND RNA SYNTHESIS 3. TARGETS VIRUSES THAT CODE FOR KINASE ENZYMES (CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, VARICELLA VIRUS, EPSTEINBARR VIRUS, AND HERPES VIRUS) |
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ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
ANTIVIRAL DRUGS NUCLEOTIDE ANALOGS CHARACTERISTICS |
1. INHIBIT NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS
2. INHIBIT DNA SYNTHESIS 3. USED TO TREAT HIV, HEPATITIS B VIRUS |
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ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
ANTIVIRAL DRUGS RIBAVIRIN CHARACTERISTICS |
1. INHIBIT NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS
2. INHIBITS DNA AND RNA SYNTHESIS 3. USED TO TREAT RESPIRATORY SYNCTIAL VIRUS, HEPATITIS C VIRUS, INFLUENZA A, AND MEASLES. |
