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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is pharmacokinetics |
The absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of a drug |
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Sympathetic nervous system does what |
Fight or flight response |
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Parasympathetic nervous system does what |
Enhances rest and digest activities. It supports functions that restore and reserve energy |
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What is pharmacodynamics |
The biochemical and physical effects of drugs and the mechanism of drug actions |
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What is pharmacotherapeutics |
The use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases |
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What route is sublingual? |
Medicine placed under tongue |
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What is oral route |
Medicines placed in mouth that will travel to stomache |
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What is a d m e |
Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion |
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Where are drugs excreted from? |
Most drugs are excreted from the kidneys and pass out in urine- also can be excreted through lungs exocrine (sweat, salivary or mammary) glands Skin Intestinal tract |
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Where are drugs metabolised |
Most drugs are metabloised by enzymes in the liver- can also occur in plasma, kidneys and membranes of the intestines. |
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Distribution of an absorbed drug within the body depends on what? |
Blood flow Solubility Protein binding |
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What is drug distribution? |
Drug distribution is the process by which the drug is delivered from the systemic circulation to body tissues and fluids |
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Bio equivalence |
Bioequivalence •The principle that one drug produces a similar effect when compared to another drug without causing clinical problems |
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Bioavailability |
The amount of a medicine that is passed into the systemic circulation after administration •Generally not a quantitative figure, often an estimate due to the number of factors that affect absorption |
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AKI |
•Causes of an AKI: •reduced fluid intake •increased fluid losses •urinary tract symptoms •recent drug ingestion •sepsis |
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Gastrointestinal absorption |
Mechanisms for gastric absorption •Ionisation and lipid solubility (passive) •Carrier mediated transport (active) •Factors •Gastrointestinal motility •Splanchnic blood flow •Particle size and/or formulation •Physiochemical factors |
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Phase 1 and 2 reactions |
The process of metabolism is often broken down into two phases •Phase 1 = catabolic reactions •Phase 2 = synthetic (anabolic) reactions •Both phases usually decrease lipid solubility therefore increasing renal excretion |
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Phase 1 reaction |
Catabolic reactions (oxidation, reduction or hydrolysis) •Products are chemically reactive, sometime more, sometime less than the parent drug |
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Phase 2 reaction |
Synthetic reactions (anabolic) and involve conjugation •Usually result in an inactive product •Phase 1 reactions might produce a reactive ‘functional group’ to which the phase 2 reaction can conjugate onto (“functionalisation”) |
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Half lives |
Sometimes, drug excretion is given a rate constant •This is known as the half-life •It is the amount of time required for the quantity of the drug in the plasma to be decrease by halve. •Given the symbol t½ and measured in units of time |
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Half lives |
5½ half-lives is usually consider the normal for total drug clearance •5½ half-lives (with an appropriate dosing schedule) is usually consider sufficient to achieve plasma steady state |
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Therapeutic window/index |
The drugs we monitor plasma levels, usually have narrow therapeutic indexes •Narrow therapeutic index: •The difference between a clinically purposeful dose and a toxic dose is small |
