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321 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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absorbtion
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the movement of the drug from the dosage formulation to the blood
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abstracting services
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services that summarize information from various primary sources for quick reference
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acute condition
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a sudden condition requiring immediate attention
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active transport
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the movement of a drug molecule across membranes by active means, rather than passive diffusion
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additive
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a drug that is added to parenteral solution
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additive effects
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the increase in effect when two drugs with similar pharmacological actions are taken
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adjuvant
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a drug added to a prescription to enhance the action of the primary drug ingredient
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admixture
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the resulting solution when a drug is added to a parenteral solution
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adverse effect
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an unintended side effect of a medication that is negative
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agonist
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drugs that activate receptors to ccelerate or slow normal cell function
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agonist-antagonist
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a drug with agonist activity at some receptors but antagonist activity at others
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alimentary tract
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the organs from the mouth to the anus. The GI tract is a portion of this tract.
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aliquot
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a portion of a mixture
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alveolar sacs (alveoli)
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the small sacs of specialized tissue that transfer oxygen out of the inspired air to the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood and into the air for expiration
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alveoli
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part of the lungs where gases are exchanged between blood and the air
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amples
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sealed glass containers with an elongated neck that must be snapped off
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anaphylactic shock
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a potentially fatal hypersensitivity reaction producing severe respiratory and cardiovascular collapse
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anhydrous
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without water molecules
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androgens
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male sex hormones
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anemia
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a deficiency of red blood cells in blood
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antagonist
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drugs that bind with receptors but do not activate them. They block receptor action by preventing other drugs or substances from activating them
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antibiotic
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a substance that hards or kills microorganisms like bacteria or fungi
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antibiotic therapy
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a common home infusion service used for treating AIDS-related and other infections
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anticipatory compounding
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compounding in advance of expected need
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antidote
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a drug that antagonizes that toxic effect of another drug
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antihyperlipidemics
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drugs that lower chloresterol and trigylceride levels
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antitoxin
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substance that acts against a toxin the body; also, a vaccine comtaining these, used to fight disease
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antitussive
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a drug that acts against a cough
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aqueous
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water based
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arrest knob
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the knob on a balance that prevents any movement of the balance pans
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aseptic technique
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methods that maintain the sterile conditions of products
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automated dispensing system
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system in which medications are dispensed from an automated unit at the point of use upon confirmation of an order communicated by computer from central system
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automated filling machines
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automated machines that fill and label pull bottles with correct quantities of ordered drugs
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auxiliary labels
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labels regarding specific warnings, foods or medications to avoid, potential side effects, etc
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bactericidal
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kills bacteria
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bacteriostatic
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retards bacteria growth
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bevel
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angled surface at the tip of a needle
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beyond-use date
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date assigned to a compounded prescription telling the patient when the formulation should o longer be taken
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bioavailability
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relative amount of an administered dose that reaches the general circulation and the rate at which this occurs
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biocompatibility
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not irritating, or abscess causing to body tissue
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bioequivalence
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the comparison of bioavailability between two dosage forms
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biopharmaceutics
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the study of factors associated with drug products and physiological processes, and the resulting systemic concentrations of the drugs
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blocker
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another term for an antagonist drug, because antagonists block the action of neurotransmitters
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body surface area
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measure used for dosage that is calculated from the height and weight of a person and measured in square meters
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brochodilators
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a medication tat decongests the bronchial tubes
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browser
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software program that allows users to view Web sites on the World Wide Web
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buccal
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inside the cheek
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buffer system
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ingredients in a formulation designed to control PH
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calcium channel blockers
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drugs that lower blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels
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calibrate
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to set, mark, check, the graduations of a measuring device
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carconogenicity
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the ability of a substance to cause cancer
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centralized pharmacy system
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sytem in which all pharmacy activities in te hopsital are conducted at one location, the inpatient pharmacy
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cation
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type of ion
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certification
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legal proof or document that an individual meets certain objectives standards
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chronic condition
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continuing condition that requires ongoing treatment for a prolonged period of time
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cirrhosis
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a chronic and potentially fatal liver dieases causing loss of function and increased resistence to blood flow thru the liver
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clean rooms
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areas designed for the preparation of sterile products
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closed formulary
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a limited list of approved medications
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co-insurance
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an agreement for cost-sharing between the insurer and insured
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co-pay
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portion of the price of medication that the patient is required to pay
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code carts
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a locked cart of medications designed for emergency use only
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colloids
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particles up to a hundred times smaller than those in suspensions that are, however, likewise suspended in solution
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colon
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large intestine
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Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act (CMEA)
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Federal law that sets daily and monthly limits on OTC sale of pseudoephedrine and ephedrine
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competent
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being qualified and capable
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complexation
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when molecules of different chemicals attach to each other, as in protein binding
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compliance
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doing what is required
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compression molding
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a method of making suppositoires in which the ingredients are compressed in a mold
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compounding record
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a record of what actually happened when the formulation was compounded
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confidentiality
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the requirement of health care providers to keep all patients information private among th patient, the insurer, and the providers directly involved in the patients care
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conjunctiva
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the eyelid lining
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consultant pharmacist
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develops and maintains an individual pharmecutical plan for each long-term care patient
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contraceptive
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device or formulation designed to prevent pregnancy
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controlled substance mark
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the mark (CII-CV) which indicates the control category of a drug with a potential for abuse
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conversions
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the change of one unit of meaure into another so that both amounts are equal
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coring
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when a needle damages the rubber closure of a parenteral container causing fragments of the closure to fall into the container and contaminate its contents
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counting tray
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a tray designed for counting pills
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data
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information that is entered inot and stored in a computer system
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database
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a collection of information structured so that specific information within it can easily be retrieved and used
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DAW
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mechanism by which a prescriber may indicate that the brand product, not the equivalent generic, must be dispensed
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DEA number
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required on all controlled drug prescriptions; identifies ther prescriber
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decentralized pharmacy system
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a system in which pharmacy activities occur in multiple locations within a hospital
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deductible
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a set amount that must be paid by the patient for each benefit period beofre the insurer will cover additional expenses
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degradation
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the change of a drug to a less effective or ineffective form
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depot
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the area in the muscle where a formulation is injected during an intramuscular injection
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depth filter
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a filter than can filter solutions being drawn into or expelled from a syrine, but not both ways at the same time
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desiccated thyroid
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a dried animal thyroid
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dialysis
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movement of particles ina solution through permeable membranes
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dilutent
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a solvent that dilutes a freeze-dried substance or dilutes a solution
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disintegration
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the breaking apart of a tablet into a smaller pieces
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displacement
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a drug bound to a plasma protein is removed when another drug of greating binding potential binds to the same protein
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disposition
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a term some use to refer to all of the ADME processes together
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dissolution
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when smaller pieces of a disintegrated tablet dissolve in a solution
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distributive pharmacist
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makes sure long-term care patients receive the correct medication ordered
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diuretics
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drugs that increase the elimination of salts and water through urination
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drug-diet interactions
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when elements of ingested nutrients interact with a drug and this affects the disposition of the drug
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drug recall
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voluntary or involuntary removal of a drug product by the manufacturer; usually pertaining to a particular shipment or lot number
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DSL
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a digital subscriber line that provides digital data transmission over the wires of a local phone network
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dual co-pay
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co-pays that have two prices; one for generic and one for brand name
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dual marketing
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status of medications like Plan B that are classified as both OTC and prescription drugs
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dumbwaiter
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a small elevator that carries objects (but not people) between floors of a building
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duration of action
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the time drug concentration is above the minimum effective concentration (MEC)
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edema
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swelling from abnormal retention of fluid
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elimination
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the prossesses of metabolism and excretion
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emergency drug precautions
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to quickly obtain a medication not currently in stock in the pharmacy in situations where the drug is urgently needed
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emulsifier
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a stabilizing agent in an emulsion
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emulsion
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mixture of two liquids that do not dissolve in eachother; one liquid is spread though the other by mixing and using an emulsifier for stability
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endogenous
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produced from within the body or within a cell
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enteral
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a route of administration to any organ in the alimentary tract (i.e. frm the mouth to the anus)
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enterohepatic cycling
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transfer of drugs and their metabolites frm the liver to the bile in the gal bladder and then inot the intestine, and then back inot circulation
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enzyme
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a complex protein that catalyzes chemical reactions into other substances
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enzyme induction
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the incrase in enzyme activity that results in reduced metabolism of drugs
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enzyme inhibition
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the decrease in enzyme activity that results in reduced metabolism of drugs
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equivalent weight
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a drug's molecular weight divided by its valence, a common measure of electrolyte concentration
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esterificaton
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combining an organic acid with an alcohol to form an ester
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exempt narcotics
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medications with habit forming ingredients that can be dispensed by a pharmacist without a prescription to persons at least 18 years of age
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extemporaneous compounding
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the on-demand preparation ofa drug product according to a physician's prescription, formula, or recipe
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final filter
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a filter that filtrates solution immediately before it enters a patient's vein
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finger cots
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protective coverings for fingers
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first pass metabolism
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the substantia degradation of a drug caused my enzyme metabolism in the liver before the drug reaches the systemic circulation
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flexor movement
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an expansion or outward movement by muscles
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flocculating agent
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electrolytes used in the preparation of suspensions
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floor stock
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stock ( such as large volume parenterals ) that does not require patient specific labeling
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flow rate
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the rate in (ml/hr or ml/min) at which solution is administered to the patient
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formulary
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a list of drugs stocked at the hospital which have been selected based on therapeutic factors as well as costs
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formulation record
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formulas and procedures for what should happen when a formulation is compounded
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fusion molding
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a suppository preparation method in which the active ingredients are dispersed in a melted suppository base
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gastric emptying time
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the time a drug will stay in the stomach before empyting itno the small intestine
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gauge
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a measurement with needles; the higher the gage, the smaller the lumen
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geometric dilution
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a technique for mixing two powders of unequal quantitiy
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glomerular filtration
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the blood filtering process of the kidneys
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gonadotropins
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sex gland stimulants
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gram stain
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a method for identifying microorganisms based on staining characteristics
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HCFA 1500 Form
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the standard form used by health care providers, such as physicans, to bill for services, it can also be used to bill for disease state management services
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Health Insuance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
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federal act that protects the privacy of individuals ad the sharing of protected health information
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hemorrhoid
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painful swollen veins in the anal area, generally caused by strained bowel movements from hard stools
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HEPA filter
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a high efficiency particulate air filter
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heparin lock
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an injection device which uses heparin to keep blood from clotting in the device
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hepatic disease
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liver disease
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hepato
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prefix: "of the liver"
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HIPAA
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Health Insurance Portability and Accessibility Act of 1996 was created to protect the privacty of patient health records
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HMOs
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a network of provides for which costs are covered inside but not outside of the network
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home care agencies
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home nursing care businesses that provide a range of health care services, including infusion
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homeostasis
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the state of equilibrium of the body
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hormones
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chemicals produced by the body that regulate body functions and processes
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hub
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the part of the needle that attaches to the syringe
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human genome
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the complete set of a genetic material contained in a human cell
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hydrate
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absorbs water
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hydrophilic
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capable of associating with or absorbing water
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hydophobic
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water repellng
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hydrophilic emulsifier
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a stabalizing agent for water-based dispersion mediums
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hypesensitivity
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an abnormal sensitivity generally resulting in an allergic reaction
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hyperthyroidism
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condition inwich thyroid hormome secretions are above normal, often referred to as an overactive thyroid
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hypertonic
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when a solution has a greater osmolarity than that of blood
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hyperuricemia
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an abnormal concentration of uric acid in the blood
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hypothyroidism
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condition in which thyroid hormone secretions are below normal, often referred to asn an underactive thyroid
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hypotonic
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when a solution has less osmolarity than that of blood
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hypoxemia
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low oxygen levels in the blood, which can becaused my asthma
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idiosyncrasy
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an unexpected reaction the frist time a drug is takn, generally due to genetic causes
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immiscible
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cannot be mixed
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induction
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a drug that causes more metabolic enzymes to be produced, thus increasing the metabolic activity
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infusion
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the gradual intraveneous injection of a volume of fluid into a patient
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inhibition
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a drug blocks the activity of metabolic enzymes in the liver
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injunction
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a court order preventing a specific action, such as distribution of a potentially dangerous drug
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inotrope
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a drug that increases the force of cardiac contraction
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inpatient pharmacy
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pharmacy located in a hopsital or inpatient facility which services only those patients
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inspiration
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breathing in
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integumentary system
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the body covering; skin, hair, nails
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Internet Service Provider (ISP)
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a company that provides access to the internet
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interpersonal skills
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skills involving relationships between people
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intrauterine device (IUD)
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contraceptive device that is placed in the uterus for a prolonged period of time
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inventory
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to make an accounting of items on hand, also, with people, to assess characteristics, skills, qualities, etc.
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ions
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molecular particles that carry electric charges
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isomer
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variation of a drug that has the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of the atoms in the molecule
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isotonic
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when a solution has an osmoarity equivalent to that of blood
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labeling
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important associaed inofrmtion that is not on the label of the drug product, but is provided with the product in the form of an insert, brochure, or other documentation
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lacrimal canalicula
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tear ducts
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lacrimal gland
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gland that produces tears
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laminar flow
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continuous movemtn at a uniform rate in one direction
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legend drug
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any drug which requires a prescription
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levigation
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triturating a drug with a solvent in which it is insoluble to reduce its particle size
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liability
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legal responsibility for costs or damages arising from misconduct or negligence
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lipoidal
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fat like substance
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lipophlic emulsifier
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a stabalizing agent for oil-based dispersion mediums
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local effect
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when drug activity is at the site of administration
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look-alikes
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drug names that have similar appearance when written
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lumen
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hollow center of a needle
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lymphocytes
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type of white blood cells that help the body defend itself against bacteria and diseased cells
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lyophilized
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freeze-dried
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maintenance medication
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medication that is required on a continuing basis for the treatment of a chronic condition
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mark up
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the difference between the retailers sale price and their purchase price
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materia medica
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generally pharmacology; but also nrefers to the drugs in use
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Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
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OSHA required notices for hazardous substances that provide hazard, handling, clean-up, and first aid information
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maximum allowable cost (MAC)
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the maximum price per tablet an insurer or PBM will pay for a given product
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Medicaid
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federal state program, administered by the states, providing health care for te needy
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Medicare
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a federal program providing health care to people with certain disabilities over age 65
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medication administration record (MAR)
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a form that tracks the medications administered to a patient
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medication order
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the form used to prescrible medications for patients in an institutional setting
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membrane filter
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a filter that attaches to a syringe and filters solution through a membane as the solution is expelled from the syringe
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meniscus
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curved surface of a column of liquid; read from bottom of miniscus
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metabolite
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substance resulting from the body's transformation of an administered drug
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milliequivalent (mEq)
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a unit of measure for electrolytes in a solution
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mimetic
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another term for an agonist becase agonists imitate or mimic the action of the nerotransmitters
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minimum effective concentration (MEC)
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the blood concentration of a drug needed to produce a response
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miniumum toxic concentration (MTC)
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upper limit of therapeutic window. Drug concentrations above the MTC incrase the risk of undesired effects
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miscible
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capable of being mixed together
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modem
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computer hardware that enables a computer to communciate through telephone lines
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molecular weight
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the sum of the atomic weights of one molecule
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mucilage
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a wet, slimy liquid formed as an initial step in the wet gum method
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mydriatics
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drugs that dilate the pupil
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myocardial infarction
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heart attack
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myometrium
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muscular wall of the uterus
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nasal cavity
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cavity behind the nose and above the roof of the mouth that filters air and moves mocous and inhaled contaminants outward and away from the lungs
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nasal inhaler
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a device which contains a drug that is vaporized by inhalation
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nasal mucosa
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cellular lining of the nose
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NDC number
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number assigned to the macufacturer. The first five digits - manufacturer. The next for indicate the medication, strength, dose. The last two are package size.
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National Provider Identifier
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a unique 10 digit health care provider id number reuired for all HIPAA related claim submissions after may 2007
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necrosis
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death of cells
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negligence
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failing to do something that should or must be done
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nephron
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fuctional unit of the kidney
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nephrotoxicity
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the ability of a substance to harm the kidneys
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neurotransmitter
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chemical released by nerves that interact with receptors to take an effect
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nomogram
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chart showing relationships between measurements
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non-formulary drugs
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drugs not on a formulary which the physician can order; the will have to fill out a form stating why that particular drug is needed
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OBRA '90
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federal act that is generally credited for states mandating pharmacist counseling on all new prescriptions
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obstructivce jaundice
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an obstruction of the bile excretion process
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oil-in-water emulsion
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an emulsion in which oil is dispersed in a water base
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online adjudication
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the resolution of prescription coverage through the communication of the pharmacy computer with the third party computer
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onset of action
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the time MEC is reached and the response occurs
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open formulary
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system that allows the pharmacy to purchase any medicaton that is prescribed
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ophthamalic
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related to the eye
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Orange Book
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the common name for the FDA's Approved Drugs Products
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orthostatic hypertension
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a drop in blood pressure upon standing up
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osmolarity
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a unit of measure of osmotic pressure expressed in terms of osmoles or milliosmoles per liter
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osmosis
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te action in which a drug in a higher concentration solution passes though a permeable membrane to a lower concentration solution
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osmotic pressure
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a characterisitic of a solution determined by the number of dissolved particles in it
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outpatient pharmacy
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a pharmacy attached to a hospital servicing patients who have left the hospital or who are visiting doctors in a hospital outpatient clinic
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panacea
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a cure-all
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parenteral
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a route of administration to any organ outside of the alimentary tract
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passive diffusion
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the movement of drugs from an area of higher concentration to lower
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patient assistance programs
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manufacturer sponsored prescription drug programs for the needy
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PDA
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fully functioning computer the size of a paperback book; personal digital assistant
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percutaneous absorption
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absorbtion of drugs through the skin, often for a systemic effect
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perpetual inventory
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system that maintains a continuous record of every item in inventory so that it always shows the stock on hand
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personal inventory
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assess one's personal characteristics, skills, qualities, etc.
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pharmaceutical
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of or about drugs; also a drug prodcut
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pharmaceutical alternative
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drug products that contain the same active ingredients but not the same inactive ones or in the same ammount or dosage
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pharmaceutical equivalent
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drug products that contain identical amounts of the same active ingredients, in the same dosage
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pharmacogenetics
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new field of study which defiens a hereditary basis of individual differences in absorbtion, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME)
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pharmacognosy
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te study of physical, chemial, biocemical and biological properties of drugs as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources
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pharmacopeia
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authoritativce listing of drugs and issues related to their use
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pharmacy beneft managers
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companies that administer drug benefit programs
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piggybacks
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small volume solutions added to a LVP
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pneumatic tube
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system which shuttles objects through a tube using compessed air; commonly used in hositals for delivery of medication
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Point of sale syste (POS)
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an inventory system in which the item is deducted from inventory as it is sold or dispensed
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policy and procedure mannual
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documentation of required policies, procedures, and disciplinary actions in a hospital
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POS
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a network of providers wehre the patien'ts primary care physician must be a member and costs outside the network may be reimbursed
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potentiation
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when one drug wtih no hinherent activity iof it's own increases the activity of another drug that produces an effect
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PPO
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a network of providers where costs outside the network may be partially reimbursed nd the patient's primary care physcian need not be a member
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prescription
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a written order form a practicioner for the preparation and administration of a medicine or device
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prescription drug benefit cards
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contain third party billing information for prescription drug purchases
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primary emulsion
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original emulsion to which ingredients are added to create the final product
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primary literature
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original reports of clinical and other types of research projects ad studies
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prodrug
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an inactive drug that becomes active after it is transformed by the body
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product labeling
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important associated information that is not on the label of a drug product itself
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professional practice journals
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official publications of pharmacy organizations
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protein binding
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attachement of a drug molecule to a plasma or tissue protein, effectively making the drug inactive, but also keeping it within the body
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protocols
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specific guidelines for practice
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punch method
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method for filling capsules by repeatedly pushing or "punching" the capsule into an amount of drug powder
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purchase order number
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number assigned to each order for id
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pyrogens
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chemicals produced by microorganisms that can cause pyretic (feve) reactions
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qsad
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the quantity needed to make the prescribed amount
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Qualified Medicare Beneficiaries
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medicare patients who may at times qualify for a prescription drug coverage through a state administered program
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recall
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action taken to remove a drug fromt he market and returned to the manufacturer
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receptor
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cellular material at the site of action that interacts with the drug
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reorder points
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min and max stock levels which determine when a reorder is placed and for how much
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resorption
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absorption of bone elements into the blood
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rheumatoid arthritis
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a disease in which the body's immune system attacks the joint tissue
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satellites
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pharmacy locations in a decentralized system that operate outside the central pharmacy in a hospital
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saturated soln
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soln containing the max amount of a drug it can contain at room temp
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scope of practice
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what individuals may and may not do in their jobs
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secondary literature
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general reference works based upon primary lit sources
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selective (action)
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characterisitic of a drug that makes its action specific to certain receptors and the issues they affect
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sensitivity
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the amount of weight that will move the balance pointer one division mark on the marker plate
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short stability
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medication that will expire soon after preparation (ie 1-6 hrs)
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signa
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directions for use on the prescription that must be printed on the label
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signature log
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book in which patients sign for the drug they receive, for legal and insurance reasons
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site of action
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location where an administered drug produces an effect
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solution
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clear liquid made up of one or more substances dissolved in a solvent
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sonication
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exposure to high frequency sound waves
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spatulation
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mixing powders with a spatula
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stability
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the chemical and physical integrity of the dosage unit
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standing order
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standard medication order for patients to receive medication at scheduled intervals
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steatorrhea
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condition of excess fat in feces
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stratum corneum
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outer cell layer of the epidermis
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suspending agent
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thickening agent used int he preparation of suspensions
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synergism
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when two drugs with similar pharmacological actions produce greater effects than the sum of indiv. effects
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syringeability
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the ease with which a suspension can be drawn froma cointainer into a syringe
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Syrup USP
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850 g of sucrose and 450 ml of water/liter
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systemic effect
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when a drug is introduced into the circulatory system
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teratogenecity
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ability of a substance to cause abnormal fetal development when given to a pregnant woman
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tertiary literature
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condensed works based on primary lit wuch as text books, monographs, etc
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therapeutic
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serving to cure or heal
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therapeutic equivalent
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pharmaceutical equivalents that produce the same effects
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therapeutic window
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a drug's blood concentration between the minimum effective concentration and min toxic concentration
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total nutrient admixture
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TNA, a TPN soluion that contains intravenous fat emusion
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total parenteral solution
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TPN complex solutions with bases solutions of dextrose and amino acids and additional micro nutrients
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trade journals
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published commercially for pharmacists but not produced by the profession
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transcorneal transplant
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drug transfer into the eye
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trituration
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the process of grinding particles to reduce particle size
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turnover
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rate at which inventory is used
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UCR
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usual and customary- the max amount of a payment for a given script determined by the insurer to be usual and customary
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unit dose packaging
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package containing the amount of a drug required for one dose
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unit price
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price of a unit of medication
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universal form clam
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UCF a standard claim form accepted by manty insurers
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URL
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uniform resource locator (internet address)
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vasoconstriction
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constriction of the blood vessels
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vasodilators
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drugs that relax and expand the blood vessels
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ventricular fibrillation
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irregular heart beat seen in cardiac arrest patients
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water of hydration
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water molecules that attach to drug molecules
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wheal
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a raised blister like area on the skin, as caused by an intradermal injection
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