Pharmacy Abbreviations

Front 1

ad

Back 1

up to

Front 2

a.

Back 2

before

Front 3

a.c

Back 3

before meals

Front 4

a.m.

Back 4

in the morning

Front 5

aq.

Back 5

with water

Front 6

a.u

Back 6

each ear

Front 7

a.d

Back 7

right ear

Front 8

b.d.s
b.i.d
b.d

Back 8

twice a day

Front 9

c.

Back 9

with

Front 10

c.c

Back 10

with meals

Front 11

et

Back 11

and

Front 12

ex

Back 12

with

Front 13

ex aqua

Back 13

with water

Front 14

gtt

Back 14

drop

Front 15

h.

Back 15

an hour

Front 16

h.s

Back 16

at bedtime

Front 17

i.c

Back 17

between meals

Front 18

m.

Back 18

morning

Front 19

m.d.u

Back 19

use as directed

Front 20

mitte

Back 20

send

Front 21

m.d/ m.d.u

Back 21

as directed

Front 22

o.u

Back 22

each eye

Front 23

o.d

Back 23

once daily, every day

Front 24

p.o

Back 24

orally

Front 25

p.

Back 25

after

Front 26

p.c

Back 26

after food

Front 27

p.m.

Back 27

in afternoon, in evening

Front 28

p.r.n

Back 28

when necessary

Front 29

q.

Back 29

each, every

Front 30

q.d

Back 30

every day

Front 31

q.i.d.

Back 31

4 times daily

Front 32

q.d.s

Back 32

4 times daily

Front 33

rx

Back 33

take

Front 34

s.o.s

Back 34

if necessary

Front 35

sig

Back 35

mark thou

Front 36

s

Back 36

without

Front 37

stat.

Back 37

immediately

Front 38

supp.

Back 38

suppositroy

Front 39

t.d.s
t..d
t.d

Back 39

three times a day

Front 40

ung.

Back 40

ointment

Front 41

u.d

Back 41

as directed

Front 42

a.t.c

Back 42

around the clock

Front 43

d.n.s

Back 43

do not substitute

Front 44

i.m

Back 44

into muscle

Front 45

i.v

Back 45

into vein

Front 46

p.r

Back 46

rectally

Front 47

p.v.

Back 47

vaginally

Front 48

w.a

Back 48

while awake

Front 49

s.l

Back 49

under the tongue

Front 50

x/7

Back 50

x = number of days

Front 51

x/52

Back 51

x = number of weeks

Front 52

x/12

Back 52

x=number of months

Front 53

ss

Back 53

1/2

Front 54

l

Back 54

50

Front 55

i

Back 55

1

Front 56

c

Back 56

100

Front 57

d

Back 57

500

Front 58

m

Back 58

1000

Front 59

v

Back 59

5

Front 60

x

Back 60

10

Front 61

vi

Back 61

6

Front 62

iv

Back 62

4

Front 63

What are tissues?

Back 63

They are complex 3D arrangement of Cells and are highly ordered

Front 64

What is the structure that allows cells to be organized into tissues?

Back 64

The ECM

Front 65

What do all tissues need to assemble?

Back 65

ECM

Front 66

What is connective tissue made of?

Back 66

Mostly ECM

Front 67

What is ECM

Back 67

it is a substance that is secreted by cells into their outside environment
-it is composed of proteins and complex polysaccharides
-Could also hold tissues in place

Front 68

What is the function of the ECM

Back 68

-Give structural support to cells
• Modify the shape and function of cells
• Provide signals that regulate cell survival
• Influence the development of cells
• Direct proliferative activity of cells
• Form junctional association with cells
• Regulate the migration of cells

Front 69

What is connective tissue made of?

Back 69

Composed of ground substance and fibers

Front 70

What is ground substance?

Back 70

jelly like- made up of water, electrolytes, polysaccharides, proteins and it is amorphous

Front 71

what is the function of connective tissue?

Back 71

resists compression
-permits diffusion of nutrients and wastes between cells

Front 72

what are the connective tissue fibers made of?

Back 72

two proteins , collagen and elastin

Front 73

what is the function of the connective tissue fibers?

Back 73

to provide structural support

Front 74

what is collagen

Back 74

– main ECM protein
– major protein in body, (~ 25% of protein in body).
– Flexible but strong & resistant to stretching.
– A polymer composed of repeating units of tropocollagen.
– Each tropocollagen is a helix of three subunits (α chains)
– 29 different collagen genes in humans.

Front 75

what are elastic fibers

Back 75

Very stretchy
- Mainly composed of the protein elastin.

Front 76

what is glycans

Back 76

chains of carbohydrates

Front 77

what is gylcosylation

Back 77

process of adding carbohydrates ot proteins

Front 78

Glycosaminoglycans (GAG)

Back 78

• Type of Glycans
• Negatively charged surfaces attract cations like
sodium (Na+).
• High Na+ content attracts fluid.
• High fluid content makes material resistant to
compression.
• linked to proteins – PGs.

Front 79

what is (HA) hyaluronic acid:

Back 79

Huge and abundant GAG
• Very good lubricant (found in joints)
• The only GAG that does not bind proteins directly.
• Many biological and medical roles: Wound repair, cell
migration, inflammation.

Front 80

failure to break down GAG causes what?

Back 80

MPS diseases (dwarfism, mental retardation)

Front 81

what are glycoproteins

Back 81

are proteins that contain Carbohydrate chains.

Front 82

what are Proteoglycans

Back 82

are a type of glycoproteins that are heavily
glycosylated (bind to GAG)

Front 83

Glycoprotein vs. Proteoglycan:
differences?

Back 83

Glycoprotein are 1-60% carbohydrate by weight Numerous,
short, branched oligosaccharides.
Proteoglycans Up to 95% carbohydrate by weight
mostly long, unbranched GAG chains. Can be enormous in
size

Front 84

what is an example of an important gylcoprotein?

Back 84

fibronectin
-clotting and tissue repair

Front 85

what is an important proteoglycan?

Back 85

aggracan
-major component of cartilage

Front 86

connective tissue also contains _______

Back 86

cells

Front 87

whats a fibroblast?

Back 87

cells that make ecm and collegen
-secrete all precursor components of ecm, including ground substance and collagen fibers

Front 88

what is basement membrane (term based on light microscopy)

Back 88

interface between epithelium and connective tissue

Front 89

in high resolution scans, using the EM, what is the basement membrane split into?

Back 89

2 parts
basal lamina - produced by epithelial cells
reticular lamina - produced by connective tissue

Front 90

what is basal lamina made of?

Back 90

Lamina lucida – mainly the GPs laminin &
integrins.
- Lamina densa – Mostly type IV collagen (also
the PG perlecan and the GAG Heparan
sulfate).
Laminin binds collagen and integrins and acts as
a bridge between the two layers.

Front 91

function of basement membrane?

Back 91

Functions:
• mechanical barrier
• Anchor (firm & flexible support) for the epithelium
• Molecular filter for the epithelium

Front 92

mutations in collagen iv causes what?

Back 92

mutations in collagen IV cause Alport
Syndrome
kidney failure, hearing loss, cataracts

Front 93

what links to ecm in cells?

Back 93

cell - ecm adhesion

-hemidesmosomes (anchoring junctions
-focal contacts (anchoring junctions)

Front 94

what links the ecm to cells

Back 94

Integrins are the main ECM adhesion
protein in Hemidesmosomes and Focal Contacts
• Transmembrane proteins
• Cytoplasmic tail recruits many kinds of
proteins.
• Assembles an “adhesion complex”
containing to signaling and cytoskeletal
linkers

Front 95

what are focal contacts

Back 95

Link to actin
– common to many cell types
–Can be composed of a variety of integrin
heterodimers.

Front 96

what are hemidesmosomes

Back 96

link to intermediate filaments
– Feature of epithelial cells
– Made up of α6β4 integrin heterodimer

Front 97

how do we activate integrins?

Back 97

Two modes of activation:
a) Outside-in - ECM ligand
binds to low affinity integrin
and converts it to high
affinity.
b) inside-out - Integrin binds
proteins inside the cell that
covert it to high affinity

Front 98

functions of integrins?

Back 98

Blood clotting
Cytoskeletal organization
Stable adhesion
•Muscle Tendon attachment
•Attachment of different
layers of the skin (See next slide)