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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Drugs used in inflammatory bowel disease?
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Aminosalicylates
Corticosteroids Azathioprine Methotrexate Infliximab Cyclosporin Nitroimidazoles |
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Nitroimidazoles: metronidazole and tinidazole
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Gram-negative anaerobes such as Bacteroides fragilis, Gram-positive anaerobes such as Clostridium species (but not Propionibacterium acnes), and anaerobic protozoa including Trichomonas vaginalis, Giardia lamblia (intestinalis) and Entamoeba histolytica.
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Antibacterial drugs used in dentistry
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Beta lactams
Nitroimidazoles Glycopeptides Lincosamides Macrolides Tetracyclines |
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beta lactams (eg cephalosporins and penicillins)
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The beta lactams (eg cephalosporins and penicillins) are structurally related and share bactericidal activity primarily directed at the bacterial cell wall.
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antibiotic hypersensitivity ?
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is strongly suggested by the development of urticaria, angioedema, bronchospasm, or anaphylaxis (with objectively demonstrated hypotension, hypoxia or tryptase elevation) within one hour of drug administration.
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Penicillin contraindications?
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A history of an immediate hypersensitivity reaction (urticaria, angioedema, bronchospasm, or anaphylaxis within one hour of drug administration) or other life-threatening reactions (eg Stevens-Johnson syndrome) contraindicates further exposure to penicillin and other beta lactams apart from aztreonam. Late manifestations are only a relative contraindication.
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Penicillin cross-reactivity?
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Between 3% and 10% of patients hypersensitive to penicillin exhibit cross-reactivity with cephalosporins and carbapenems.
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Potential problems with antibiotics
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Resistance
Antibiotic hypersensitivity (allergy) Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea Antibiotics and oral contraceptives |
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Antibacterial drugs: beta lactams
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Carbapenems, cephalosporins, monobactams and penicillins.
Structurally related and share bactericidal activity directed at the bacterial cell wall. |
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Antibacterial drugs: macrolides
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Azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin and roxithromycin
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Clarithromycin
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unlike other macrolides, has a microbiologically active metabolite. It has activity against Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and is used in combination with other drugs for the treatment of this infection. It is also used in combination with other drugs in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection.
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Azithromycin
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is less active than erythromycin against Gram-positive pathogens, but has activity against a few Gram-negative bacteria, some anaerobes, nontuberculous mycobacteria including MAC, and also against some parasites (eg Toxoplasma gondii).
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newer macrolides
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have more reliable absorption and longer half-lives (azithromycin > roxithromycin > clarithromycin > erythromycin) allowing less frequent dosing.
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Erythromycin and clarithromycin
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are potent inhibitors of the cytochrome P450 (CYP3A4) enzyme system, so significant drug interactions occur. Co-administration of colchicine and clarithromycin or erythromycin has been associated with increased risk of fatal bone marrow toxicity. Erythromycin and clarithromycin have the potential to prolong the QT interval, with the other macrolides being associated with case reports.
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Dermatology drugs: antibacterial drugs
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Mupirocin
Tetracyclines Macrolides Lincosamides Nitroimidazoles Dapsone |
