Pharmacology_2 02: Neuropharmacology

Front 1

___ is required after neurotransmitter release to keep the axon terminal a constant size

Back 1

membrane endocytosis

Front 2

4 drugs that alter synaptic transmission at the presynaptic terminal

Back 2

vesamicol
bafilomycin
omega-conotoxin
hemicholinium

Front 3

6 families of neurotransmitters

Back 3

biogenic amines
ACh
purinergic
amino acids
peptides
unconventional

Front 4

3 kinds of biogenic amine neurotrans

Back 4

catecholamines
HA
5-HT

Front 5

3 catecholamines

Back 5

E
NE
DA

Front 6

4 AA neurotrans

Back 6

Glu
Asp
Gly
GABA

Front 7

2 unconventional neuro trans

Back 7

NO
CO

Front 8

metabotropic Rs work via

Back 8

G proteins

Front 9

ionotropic Rs are ___s or ___s of proteins with ___ TM domains. the ___ domains line the pore, whose ion specificity is determined by ___

Back 9

tetramers
pentamers
4
TM2
charged AAs facing the pore

Front 10

the ___th intracellular loop of a metabotropic R has ___ and is important for ___.

Back 10

3rd
variable size
G-protein coupling

Front 11

NMDA, AMPA and kainate are ionotropic/metabotropic Rs for ___

Back 11

ionotropic
Glu

Front 12

Gly only has ___ Rs. ____ AChRs are ionotropic, ___ AChRs are metabotropic.

Back 12

ionotropic
nicotinic
muscarinic

Front 13

serotonin Rs are all ___ except for one kind of ___. catecholamine Rs are all ___.

Back 13

metabotropic
5-HT3R
metabotropic

Front 14

___ is the most important excitatory neurotrans in brain. another excitatory neurotrans is __.

Back 14

Glu
Asp

Front 15

2 inhibitory neurotrans

Back 15

GABA
Gly

Front 16

Glu is converted to GABA by ___

Back 16

glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)

Front 17

alpha-ketoglutarate and GABA are converted to ___ (2) by ___

Back 17

Glu
succinic semialdehyde
GABA transaminase

Front 18

Gln is converted to Glu by ___

Back 18

glutaminase

Front 19

AMPA and kainate Rs are important for ___ transmission and are/aren't highly Ca2+-permeable

Back 19

fast
aren't

Front 20

NMDARs are important for ___ and are/aren't highly Ca2+-permeable

Back 20

LTP
are

Front 21

metabotropic Glu Rs are coupled to ___ (2)

Back 21

Gq
Gi

Front 22

in addition to Glu, ___ can also activate NMDA channel. ___ (2) are co-agonists.

Back 22

Asp
Gly
D-Ser

Front 23

because of their high ___ permeability, NMDA channels can cause ___

Back 23

Ca2+
excitotoxicity

Front 24

____ blocks the NMDAR ion channel at ___ voltages. ___ (2) block it generally. ___ antagonizes the Glu-binding site.

Back 24

Mg2+
hyperpolarized
PCP
MK-801
AP-5

Front 25

normal Glu transmission triggers ___ flux through AMPARs. when ___ depolarization of postsynaptic cell happens, ___ inhibition of NMDAR is lost. this causes ___, which drives ___ to provide ___ feedback. this process is called ___.

Back 25

Na+
sustained
Mg2+
Ca2+ influx
PKC
NOS
positive
LTP

Front 26

NMDARs require ___ for efficient channel opening.

Back 26

co-agonists

Front 27

2 NMDAR co-agonists. ___ is stronger.

Back 27

d-Ser
Gly
d-Ser

Front 28

d-Ser is made from ___ by ___.

Back 28

Ser
Ser racemase

Front 29

___ may be effective for treating schizophrenia

Back 29

d-Ser

Front 30

___ is an anesthetic which binds to the same site as PCP. it can cause increased ___ (2). it causes broncho___.

Back 30

ketamine
blood pressure
intracranial pressure
dilation

Front 31

memantine is a ___ (2) inhibitor of NMDAR. it is used to prevent ___ in Alzheimer's.

Back 31

low-affinity
non-competitive
excitotoxicity

Front 32

___ is the critical biosynthetic enzyme for making GABA.

Back 32

GAD

Front 33

____ is the main postsynaptic GABA R. GABA release is regulated by ___.

Back 33

GABA_A
GABA_B

Front 34

GABA neurons are prominent in ___

Back 34

cortex

Front 35

GABA_A receptors are ionotropic/metabotropic

Back 35

ionotropic

Front 36

4 drugs which interact with GABA_A

Back 36

barbiturates
benzodiazepines
ethanol (withdrawal)
neuroactive steroids

Front 37

2 toxins which interact with GABA_A

Back 37

picrotoxin
bicuculin

Front 38

GABA_B is ionotropic/metabotropic

Back 38

metabotropic

Front 39

GABA_B is coupled to ___

Back 39

G_i

Front 40

___ is a muscle relaxant which agonizes GABA_B

Back 40

baclofen

Front 41

benzodiazepines (BDZ) work by agonizing/antagonizing GABA_A. an example is ___.

Back 41

antagonizing
flumazenil

Front 42

___ is a GABA_A agonist isolated from the ___ mushroom. it can cause ___

Back 42

muscimol
amanita
hallucination

Front 43

___ is a GABA_B antagonist

Back 43

saclofen

Front 44

barbitutrates act by increasing ___ of GABAR. BDZs act by increasing ___.

Back 44

channel opening time
channel opening frequency

Front 45

BDZ increase/decrease GABA binding

Back 45

increase

Front 46

BDZ can be used as ___

Back 46

anticonvulsant

Front 47

___ is a BDZ with a short t1/2

Back 47

midazolam

Front 48

BDZs decrease ___ (2).

Back 48

BP
respiratory drive

Front 49

___ is a BDZ antagonist. it is sometimes used to prevent ___.

Back 49

flumazenil
alcohol withdrawal

Front 50

barbiturates cause more/less sedation than BDZ

Back 50

more

Front 51

in contrast to BDZs, barbiturates cause ___.

Back 51

general anesthesia

Front 52

2 barbiturates with anticonvulsant properties

Back 52

phenobarbital
mephobarbital

Front 53

___ is a truth-serum barbiturate

Back 53

thiopental

Front 54

barbiturates are more/less addictive than BDZs

Back 54

more

Front 55

bicuculine and flumazenil increase/reduce ethanol consumption in rodents

Back 55

reduce

Front 56

2 antiepileptic drugs which inhibit GABA-T

Back 56

valproate
vigabatrin

Front 57

___ is an antiepileptic drug which inhibits GABA reuptake

Back 57

tiagabine

Front 58

4 drugs for simple and complex partial seizures

Back 58

lamotrigine
oxcarbazepine
gabapentin
topiramate

Front 59

2 drugs which work for absence, myoclonic, atonic seizures

Back 59

lamotrigine
valproate

Front 60

___ is the main inhibitory neurotrans in brainstem and SC

Back 60

Gly

Front 61

GlyRs are ionotropic/metabotropic and trigger ___ current

Back 61

ionotropic
Cl-

Front 62

GlyRs are blocked by ___.

Back 62

strychnine

Front 63

GlyRs are agonized by ___

Back 63

taurine
beta-Ala

Front 64

Y is converted to ___ by ___.

Back 64

DOPA
Y hydroxylase

Front 65

DOPA is converted to ___ by ___.

Back 65

DA
DOPA decarboxylase (AAADC)

Front 66

DA is imported to vesicles by ___.

Back 66

VMAT (vesicular monoamine transporter)

Front 67

DA is converted to ___ by ___.

Back 67

NE
DBH (DA beta hydroxylase)

Front 68

rate-limiting step of catecholamine synthesis is ___

Back 68

Y hydroxylase

Front 69

Y hydroxylase activity is increased by ___
Y hydroxylase activity is decreased by ___ (2)

Back 69

phosphorylation
metyrosine
end--product inhibition

Front 70

in brain NE is produced in ___

Back 70

locus ceruleus
pons
medulla

Front 71

NEergic neurons in locus ceruleus project to ___

Back 71

whole brain

Front 72

NEergic neurons in pons/medulla project to ___ (2)

Back 72

HTh
spinal cord

Front 73

in brain E is produced in ___

Back 73

medulla

Front 74

Eergic neurons in medulla project to ___

Back 74

spinal cord

Front 75

___ blocks NE reuptake

Back 75

desimpramine

Front 76

___ (3) are alpha2 agonists. they cause ___ (3)

Back 76

clonidine
romifidine
xylazine
sedation
reduced BP
reflex tachycardia

Front 77

in the brain, DA is produced in ___ (3)

Back 77

nigro-striatum
ventral tegmental area
tubero-infundibulum

Front 78

___ are the DAergic cells that degenerate in PD. they control ___.

Back 78

nigro-striatal
movement

Front 79

DAergic neurons in VTA project to ___ (3)

Back 79

mesolimbic areas
mesocortex
locus ceruleus

Front 80

tubero-infundibular DAergic neurons project via ___ to ___. they control ___.

Back 80

median eminence
pituitary
PRL secretion

Front 81

VTA DAergic neurons projecting to ___ areas, specifically ___, control reward and pleasure.

Back 81

mesolimbic
nucleus accumbens

Front 82

DA increases/decreases appetite

Back 82

decreases

Front 83

D2 R blockers act as ___ (2) and can cause ___

Back 83

tranquilizers (neuroleptic)
antipsychotics
parkinsonism

Front 84

amphetamines act via ___
4 side effects are ___

Back 84

NE and DA reuptake inhibition
appetite suppression
sterotyped behavior
psychosis
diarrhea

Front 85

alpha1 receptors signal via ___

Back 85

G_q -> PLC

Front 86

alpha2Rs signal via ___

Back 86

G_i

Front 87

betaRs signal via ___

Back 87

G_s

Front 88

adrenoceptors present in the brain (3)

Back 88

alpha1
alpha2
beta1

Front 89

___ is a beta1 agonist
___ is a beta2 agonist
___ is a beta antagonist

Back 89

isoproteronol
albuterol
propranolol

Front 90

___ is an alpha antagonist and is used in ___.

Back 90

phentolamine
hypertensive crisis

Front 91

there are ___ DAR subtypes, which are grouped into ___ (2)

Back 91

5
D1-like
D2-lie

Front 92

___ (2) are D1-like DARs and signal via ___.
___ (4) are D1-like DARs and signal via ___.

Back 92

D1
D5
G_s
D2_short
D2_long
D3
D4
G_i

Front 93

___ is an antipsychotic D2 antagonist

Back 93

haloperidol

Front 94

in PD it's important to discontinue ___ (2) slowly. otherwise ___ (2) can happen.

Back 94

L-DOPA
anticholinergics
immobilization
neuroleptic syndrome

Front 95

3 positive symptoms of schizophrenia
these are caused by increased activity in ___ system

Back 95

delusions
hallucination
aggressiveness
mesolimbic

Front 96

2 negative symptoms of schizophrenia
these are caused by decreased activity in ___ system

Back 96

cognitive decline
apathy
mesocortical

Front 97

identical twin concordance is ___% for schizophrenia

Back 97

48

Front 98

3 atypical antipsychotic drugs
these work by blocking ___ (3)

Back 98

risperidone
olanzapine
clozapine
5-H2R
M1R
H1R (HA)

Front 99

3 side effects of typical antipsychotics

Back 99

parkinsonism
increased negative symptoms
hyperprolactinemia

Front 100

4 risperidone side effects

Back 100

extrapyramidal
dizziness
hyperactivity
orthostatic hypotension

Front 101

olanzapine side effects

Back 101

orthostatic hypotension
akathisia
constipation

Front 102

clozapine side effect

Back 102

agranulocytosis

Front 103

___% of serotonin is in brain

Back 103

1

Front 104

in 5-HT synthesis, W is converted to ___ by ___

Back 104

5-OH-W
W hydroxylase

Front 105

5-OH W is converted to ___ by ___

Back 105

5-HT
AAADC

Front 106

rate limiting step in 5-HT synthesis

Back 106

W hydroxylase

Front 107

W hydroxylase activity is increased by ___

Back 107

phosphorylation

Front 108

unlike Y hydroxylase, W hydroxylase has no ___

Back 108

end-product inhibition

Front 109

in the pineal gland, 5-HT is converted to ___, which regulates ___

Back 109

melatonin
circadian rhythm

Front 110

in the brain, 5-HT is made in ___

Back 110

raphe nuclei

Front 111

the ___ raphe neurons project to ___
the ___ raphe neurons project to ___

Back 111

dorsal
median
brain
caudal
spinal cord

Front 112

T/F: 5-HT controls thermoregulation

Back 112

true

Front 113

5-HT is reuptaken by ___ and degraded by ___

Back 113

SERT
MAO-A

Front 114

5HT1(A/B/D)R signals via

Back 114

G_i

Front 115

5HT2R and 5HT1CR signal via

Back 115

G_q -> PLC

Front 116

5HT3R is a ___ and is ___tropic.
it causes ___.

Back 116

heterotetramer
iono
nausea

Front 117

5HT4R, 5HT%R, 5HT6R signal via

Back 117

G_s

Front 118

LSD acts on ___R.
this receptor is antagonized by ___.

Back 118

5HT2A
trazodone

Front 119

LSD causes sympathetic/para activation

Back 119

symathetic

Front 120

ecstasy is aka ___.
it acts via ___.

Back 120

methylene dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
5-HT reuptake inhibition

Front 121

prolonged use of MDMA can cause destruction of ___

Back 121

5-HTergic neurons

Front 122

4 side effects of MDMA

Back 122

hyperthermia
dehydration
hyponatremia
serotonin syndrome

Front 123

serotonin syndrome includes (4)

Back 123

tachycardia
sweating
mydriasis
myoclonus

Front 124

2 kind of cholinergic connections in brain

Back 124

projection
local circuit

Front 125

ACh projection neurons originate in ___ (2)

Back 125

basal forebrain
pons

Front 126

local circuit ACh neurons are present in ___

Back 126

striatum

Front 127

nicotinic AChR is a ___ and is ___tropic. it is antagonized by ___toxin

Back 127

pentamer
iono
bungaro

Front 128

muscarinic AChR is ___tropic.
M1, M3, M5 AChRs signal via ___.
M2, M4, AChRs signal via ___.

Back 128

matabo
G_q -> PLC
G_i

Front 129

3 AChRs in the brain

Back 129

M1
M3
M4

Front 130

MAChR is agonized by ___ (2)

Back 130

muscarine
pilocarpine
carbachol
betanechol

Front 131

MAChR is antagonized by ___ (2)

Back 131

atropine
scopolamine

Front 132

3 AChEIs used in Alzehimer's
___ is less CNS specific and is ___toxic

Back 132

tacrine
donepezil
rivastigmine
tacrine
hepato

Front 133

3 uses of scopolamine

Back 133

antiemetic
amnesia
sedation

Front 134

atropine can cause ___ in high doses

Back 134

stimulation

Front 135

___s irreversibly inhibit AChE

Back 135

organophosphate