Pharmacology Vocabulary Chapters 1-3

Front 1

Prototype Drugs

Back 1

Individual drugs that represent groups of drugs; often the first drug of a particular group of which similar drugs are compared

Front 2

Polypharmacy

Back 2

the simultaneous use of multiple medications, which increases the risk of drug interaction

Front 3

Pharmacokinetics

Back 3

a drugs actions as it moves through the body including how it is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted. a drugs onset of action, peak concentration level, and duration of action are also included.

Front 4

Compliance/adherence

Back 4

fulfilling or following through with a prescribed course of treatment or therapeutic plan

Front 5

Medication Error

Back 5

a preventable adverse drug event involving the inappropriate medication use by a patient or provider

Front 6

non-compliance/non-adherence

Back 6

an informed decision by the patient to not adhere/follow through with plan/treatment

Front 7

additive effects

Back 7

drug interactions that when 2 are combined with similar effects the combined effect is the same as if the drugs were given alone 1+1=2

Front 8

adverse drug event

Back 8

any undesirable effect from administering or failing to administer a prescribed medication.

Front 9

Adverse drug reaction

Back 9

an unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a medication when given at the normal therapeutic dose

Front 10

Adverse effects

Back 10

a general term for any undesirable effect in direct response to one or more drugs

Front 11

agonist/stimulator

Back 11

a drug which stimulates a receptor (may stimulate the receptor causing an increase in activity or decrease depending on the receptor)

Front 12

Antagonist/inhibitors

Back 12

a drug which prevents or inhibits a receptor (prevents a response)

Front 13

Competitive Antagonist

Back 13

competes with an agonist for a receptor cite, and can be overcome by increased amounts of an agonist

Front 14

Non-competitive antagonist

Back 14

Binds to a receptor and blocks the effect of the agonist. This is a no-contest, it will always win!

Front 15

allergic reaction

Back 15

a immunologic hypersensitivity reaction; results from the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular drug (type of adverse drug event)

Front 16

Antagonistic effects

Back 16

drug interactions which the effects of a combination of one or more drugs are less than the individual effects of the drug 1+1=<2

Front 17

bio-availability

Back 17

extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route of administration

Front 18

bio-transformation/metabolism

Back 18

the process by which the body changes a drug to a more water-soluble from that can be excreted. Occurs mainly in the liver, and can inactivate the drug

Front 19

blood brain barrier

Back 19

a mechanism that doesn't allow many drugs, ions and other compounds to penetrate the brain, it is like a selective filter

Front 20

chemical name

Back 20

the name that describes the chemical composition and molecular structure of a drug.

Front 21

contraindication

Back 21

any condition which renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable.

Front 22

cytochrome P-450

Back 22

general name for a large class of enzymes which play a major role in drug metabolism/bio-transformation

Front 23

dependence

Back 23

a compulsive or chronic need for a drug

Front 24

dissolution

Back 24

the process of disintegrating a solid form of drugs in the GI tract and become soluble before being absorbed for circulation

Front 25

drug

Back 25

a chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism

Front 26

drug actions/mechanism of action

Back 26

cellular processes involved in the interaction between a drug and body cells (like the drugs actions on receptors)

Front 27

drug effects

Back 27

the physiologic reactions of the body to the drug

Front 28

drug-induced teratogenesis

Back 28

toxic effects of drugs causing congenital anomalies or defects in a developing fetus.

Front 29

drug interaction

Back 29

an alteration of the pharmacologic activity of a drug because of the presences of another drug/or drugs is usually caused by the drug effects on the enzymes needed to metabolize the drugs involved

Front 30

duration of action

Back 30

the length of time a drug produces its therapeutic effect

Front 31

enzymes

Back 31

protein molecules that catalyze biochemical reactions, including the body's physiologic processes and drug metabolism

Front 32

first pass effect

Back 32

the liver may metabolize much of a drug before it enters circulation

Front 33

generic name

Back 33

a shorter and simpler version of the chemical name, abbreviation of the chemical name, the non-proprietary name

Front 34

half-life

Back 34

the time it takes for half of the drug to be eliminated by the body; is affected by rate of absorption, metabolism, and excretion. Helps to determine dosage frequency

Front 35

idiosyncratic reaction

Back 35

an abnormal/unexpected reaction to a medication (not an allergic reaction), and it is peculiar to an individual

Front 36

incompatibility

Back 36

a characteristic which causes two drugs or solutions to undergo a reaction when mixed that causes one drug to deteriorate

Front 37

intraarticular

Back 37

within a joint

Front 38

inrathecal

Back 38

within a sheath

Front 39

medication error

Back 39

any preventable adverse drug event involving inappropriate use of a medication by a provider (may or may not cause harm)

Front 40

medication use process

Back 40

the prescribing, dispensing, and administering of medications, and the monitoring of their effects

Front 41

Parent drug

Back 41

the chemical form of a drug before it is metabolized by the body into active or inactive metabolites

Front 42

Metabolite

Back 42

include inactive and active, inactive are changed into execrable substances, active are able to exert their own pharmacologic action, and must undergo further metabolism/or can be excreted in that form

Front 43

onset of action

Back 43

the time interval from when a drug is administered until it exerts its therapeutic effect

Front 44

peak concentration

Back 44

when the absorption rate equals the elimination rate

Front 45

Peak effect

Back 45

time needed for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic effect (time it take for the drug to work as expected)

Front 46

pharmaceutics

Back 46

the science of preparing and dispensing drugs

Front 47

pharmacodynamics

Back 47

the study of the drug mechanisms that produce biochemical or physiologic changes in the body`

Front 48

pharmacogenetics

Back 48

study of the influence of genetic factors on drug response

Front 49

Pharmacognosy

Back 49

study of drugs that are obtained from natural sources (plant and animal)

Front 50

pharmacology

Back 50

broad term for the study or science of drugs

Front 51

Pharmacotherapeutics

Back 51

treatment of pathologic conditions through the use of drugs

Front 52

Prodrug

Back 52

a drug that is not active when administered but is converted to an active form through metabolism (active metabolite)

Front 53

Receptor

Back 53

a molecular structure of a cell which bind specific substances

Front 54

Steady state

Back 54

the state in which the amount of drug removed through elimination is equal to the amount absorbed with each dose

Front 55

substrates

Back 55

substances on which an enzyme acts

Front 56

synergistic effects

Back 56

drug interactions where the combination of drugs is equal to more than each separate part 1+1=>2

Front 57

Therapeutic drug monitoring

Back 57

measuring a drug peak and trough levels to gauge the level of drug exposure and to adjust dosages, maximize therapeutic effects but minimize toxicity

Front 58

tolerance

Back 58

reduced response to a drug after long exposure

Front 59

therapeutic effect

Back 59

desired or intended effect of a drug

Front 60

therapeutic index

Back 60

ration between toxic and therapeutic doses of a drug

Front 61

toxic

Back 61

quality of being poisonous

Front 62

toxicity

Back 62

condition of producing adverse bodily effects due to poisonous properties

Front 63

toxicology

Back 63

study of poisons, and treatments

Front 64

trade name

Back 64

commercial name, proprietary name

Front 65

trough level

Back 65

lowest concentration of drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level

Front 66

active transport

Back 66

requires cellular energy to move drugs from lower areas of concentration to higher. NA and K pump uses this as well as the drug levodopa

Front 67

diffusion

Back 67

passive movement of a substance from areas of higher concentration to lower concentrations

Front 68

elderly

Back 68

a person 65 years and up

Front 69

neonate

Back 69

less than 1 month old, newborn

Front 70

nomogram

Back 70

a graphic tool for estimating drug dosages using body measurements

Front 71

pinocytosis

Back 71

a form of active transport in which a cell engulfs a drug particle (used to transport fat soluble vitamints like A,D,E, K)

Front 72

pediatric

Back 72

12 years or younger (1-12)