Pharmacology Topic 4

Front 1

what happens to total body water with age

Back 1

decreases with age. for water soluble drugs volume of distribution decreases with decreased body water. for fat soluble drugs volume of distribution increases with decreased body water.

Front 2

does anything happen to renal function by age 50?

Back 2

25% of renal function is lost.

Front 3

what happens to excretion with age

Back 3

neonates and infants: not well developed. elderly: excretion is beginning to fall apart. therefore higher than adult drug concentrations.

Front 4

what is therapeutic index

Back 4

lethal dose 50/effective dose 50.

Front 5

what differences do you see between the sexes for physiological variables

Back 5

mean body weight, total body water, and fat. you should worry about obese people and lean males

Front 6

what are the two types of tolerance

Back 6

pharmacodynamic (tolerance at the level of tissue acted upon) and pharmacokinetic (tolerance because of increased breakdown)

Front 7

what are the two types of desensitization

Back 7

they are examples of pharmacodynamic tolerance. homologous desensitization: tolerance at one receptor. heterologous desensitization: tolerance that affects more than one receptor (tolerance later on in the signaling cascade that's common to both receptors)

Front 8

what are three ways that homologuous desensitization happens

Back 8

covalent modification (e.g. beta arrestin prevents G protein binding), destruction of receptor, internalization

Front 9

what does a deficient G-6PD do

Back 9

don't make enough NADPH which is used to keep glutathione in reduced form. no NADPH RBC rupture if given drugs that used up glutathione reductase.

Front 10

what does a deficient plasma cholinesterase do

Back 10

it is a depolarizing neuromuscular blocker that is usually short acting which is good for surgery. deficient plasma cholinesterase = longer respiratory help after surgery cause succinylocholine lasts too long.

Front 11

what does the distribution curve for acetylation speed look like

Back 11

bimodal distribution for slow and fast acetylators

Front 12

who is more likely to have G6PD deficiency

Back 12

sephardic male jews, black americans

Front 13

summation definition

Back 13

additive effect definition but don't have to have the same mechanism of action

Front 14

additive effect definition

Back 14

used in those cases where the combined effect of two drugs acting by the same mechanism is equal to what you'd expect after simple addition

Front 15

synergism

Back 15

joint effect of two drugs is greater than the algebraic sum of their individual effects. the major problem for drug interactions instead of additive effects or synergism

Front 16

when and where can drugs interact

Back 16

drug bottle, during absorption, plasma protein binding, receptor level at cells, biotransformation, kidney excretion, etc