Pharmacology Test 2

Front 1

What are the structures oxygen passes through on the way to the alveoli?

Back 1

Nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

Front 2

The 4 basic functions of the respiratory system are

Back 2

Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, regulation of acid base balance, body temperature regulation, and voice production

Front 3

What are the three defense mechanisms of the respiratory system?

Back 3

The nasal cavity that humidifies and filters, protective reflexes like cough sneezing and reverse sneezing that expel material, and the mucociliary clearance that traps material and moves it out into the pharynx

Front 4

The 3 principles of respiratory therapeutics are

Back 4

Control secretions, control reflexes, and maintain normal air flow to alveoli

Front 5

When are expectorants indicated?

Back 5

When there is a productive cough

Front 6

Mucolytics decrease the viscosity of mucus how?

Back 6

By breaking down the disulfide bonds present in mucus

Front 7

How is acetylcysteine administered for pulmonary purposes?

Back 7

By nebulization.

Front 8

What is the mechanism of action for most antitussives?

Back 8

To depress the cough center in the brain

Front 9

What schedule is codeine?

Back 9

A class V opiate Agonist

Front 10

Codeine only products are class what?

Back 10

II

Front 11

What are the 3 mechanisms of action that cause the contraction of smooth muscle in bronchioles.

Back 11

release of Acetylcholine at parasympathetic nerve endings or inhibition of acetylcholinesterase; release of histamine through allergic or inflammatory mechanisms; and blockade of beta 2 adrenergic receptors by drugs such as propranolol.

Front 12

Epinephrine and Albuterol

Back 12

are two examples of beta 2 adrenergic agonists.

Front 13

12. Methylxanthines bring about bronchodilation

Back 13

by inhibiting the enzyme called phosphodiesterase.

Front 14

Antihistamines are used in

Back 14

the treatment of allergic and respiratory conditions or can be used for their antiemetic effects.

Front 15

The suffix found at the end of Antihistamine names is

Back 15

“-amine”.

Front 16

Two uses for Dopram include

Back 16

stimulation of respiration after surgery or in neonates and to speed awakening and restoration of reflexes in anesthetized patients.

Front 17

Acetylcysteine is used for

Back 17

breaking down thick respiratory mucus and to treat acetaminophen toxicity.

Front 18

Aminophylline, Theophylline, Caffeine, and Theobromine are

Back 18

methylxanthines

Front 19

The optimal size for reaching the alveoli?

Back 19

1 to 5 microns

Front 20

20. Epinephrine is an example of a

Back 20

beta 2 adrenergic agonist bronchodilator.

Front 21

Production of sodium bicarbonate is

Back 21

not a function of the respiratory system.

Front 22

Drugs that liquefy and dilute viscid secretions of the respiratory tract.

Back 22

Expectorants

Front 23

Drugs that inhibit or suppress coughing.

Back 23

Antitussives

Front 24

Used for relief of chronic non-productive coughs in dogs and for analgesia and preanesthesia in dogs and cats.

Back 24

Butorphanol tartrate

Front 25

Temaril-P is a combination product that

Back 25

contains trimeprazine tartrate and prednisolone.

Front 26

Drugs that reduce the congestion of nasal membranes by reducing associated swelling.

Back 26

Decongestants

Front 27

Substances used to block the effects of histamines.

Back 27

Antihistamines

Front 28

30. Solu-Delta-Cortef is a brand name

Back 28

for prednisolone sodium succinate.

Front 29

What is the difference between an agonist and an opioid antagonist?

Back 29

The difference is that an opioid antagonist’s main purpose is to block the effects of opioids.

Front 30

A neurotransmitter

Back 30

is a chemical messenger in the body.

Front 31

The area of the brain that serves to relay information from the spinal cord and brainstem to the interpretation center in the cerebrum is the

Back 31

Thalamus

Front 32

Most central nervous system drugs act by

Back 32

Depressing or stimulating the effects of neurotransmitters

Front 33

What are the primary neurotransmitters for adrenergic receptors?

Back 33

Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine

Front 34

What are the four primary ways in which drugs affect the autonomic nervous system?

Back 34

mimicking neurotransmitters, interfering with neurotransmitter release, blocking the attachment of neurotransmitters to receptors, and interfering with the breakdown or reuptake of neurotransmitters at the synapse.

Front 35

List five indications for the use of cholinergic agents

Back 35

reducing the intraocular pressure of glaucoma, treat urinary retention, control vomiting, stimulate GI motility, and act as an antidote for neuromuscular blockers.

Front 36

Atropine, scopolamine, glycopyrrolate, and aminopentamide are examples of what specific drug class?

Back 36

Anticholinergic class

Front 37

What category of drug is used to treat cardiac arrest and anaphylactic shock?

Back 37

Adrenergic class drugs

Front 38

Propranolol is an example of what category of drug?

Back 38

Beta blocker

Front 39

What are some adverse side effects of xylazine, and what drug may be used to antagonize its effects?

Back 39

Xylazine can be antagonized by yohimbine. The adverse effects include: bradycardia, hypotension, and respiratory depression.

Front 40

Why would you be concerned about using a thiobarbituate to induce anesthesia in a very thin dog

Back 40

The animal has a lack of fat stores.

Front 41

What are some of the characteristics of a cat that is anesthetized with ketamine?

Back 41

Oral, ocular, and laryngeal reflexes are still present, and spastic/jerky movements are common.

Front 42

What are some of the signs of a narcotic overdose?

Back 42

vomiting, diarrhea, convulsions, and severe respiratory depression.

Front 43

Naloxone and butorphanol

Back 43

Are narcotic antagonists

Front 44

Why should glyceryl guaiacolate not be mixed until just before use?

Back 44

A precipitate will form

Front 45

You are assisting in the delivery of a litter of puppies and you deliver one that is not breathing adequately. What drug would the veterinarian instruct to give, and by what route?

Back 45

Doxapram would be used, and it would be given under the tongue or into the umbilical vein.

Front 46

Why are euthanasia solutions that contain only pentobarbital classified as Class 2 Controlled Substances, whereas those that contain pentobarbital and other substances are classified as class 3 controlled substances?

Back 46

Because they are given dyes to distinguish them from a solution that only contains pentobarbital, they have less potential for abuse.

Front 47

All Psychotherapy drugs are thought to produce their effects by altering

Back 47

Neurotransmitter activity in the brain.

Front 48

Dissociative agents, such as ketamine and tiletamine, may cause

Back 48

Burning at the injection site

Front 49

A hypnotic anesthetic known for its very short duration and its white color is

Back 49

Propofol

Front 50

An inhibitory neurotransmitter that is widely distributed in the brain is

Back 50

GABA

Front 51

A benzodiazepine that is used as an anti-anxiety medication and as an appetite stimulant in cats is

Back 51

Diazepam

Front 52

An example of a tricyclic antidepressant used in veterinary medicine for separation anxiety in dogs is

Back 52

Amitriptyline

Front 53

Is used to treat old dog dementia

Back 53

25. Selegiline, which is a monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor

Front 54

The nervous system carries out activity very rapidly by sending electric like messages over a network of nerve fibers. The _ system works much more slowly by sending chemical messengers through the bloodstream to target structures.

Back 54

Endocrine

Front 55

The _ nervous system is under voluntary control.

Back 55

Somatic

Front 56

The _ is the fundamental unit of the nervous system.

Back 56

Neuron

Front 57

Axons carry electric like messages _ the nerve cell, and dendrites carry electric like messages _ the nerve cell

Back 57

Away from, toward

Front 58

Neurotransmitters cannot be mimicked or blocked by the use of appropriate drugs, and that is why patients with nervous system disorders do not have a very good prognosis.

Back 58

False

Front 59

The autonomic nervous system is the portion of the nervous system that controls _ body activities.

Back 59

Unconscious

Front 60

The neurotransmitter for cholinergic sites is

Back 60

Acetylcholine

Front 61

Epinephrine or adrenaline is responsible for all of the following except:

Can cause an increase in metabolic rate

Can cause an increase in heart rate and cardiac output

Communication with stem cells in the bone marrow

Can constrict blood vessels in the skin

Back 61

Communication with stem cells in the bone marrow

Front 62

Xylazine is antagonized by

Back 62

Yohimbine