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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The study of the movement of drugs within the body, including the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
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Pharmacokinetics
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a drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors
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antagonist
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measure of the extent of drug absorption
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bioavailability
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one or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug. Only occurs in liver and produce metabolite that is either inactive or active also known s metabolism
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biotransformation
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a chemical form of a drug that is the product of one or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug
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metabolites
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an inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body
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prodrug
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drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone
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synergistic effect
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the desired or intended effect of a particular medication
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therapeutic effect
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reduced response to a drug after prolong use
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tolerance
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the lowest concentration of drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic monitoring
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trough level
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a type of warning that appears in a drugs prescribing information required by US FDA alerting prescribers of serious adverse events that have occurred with the given drug
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black box warning
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any drugs listed on the schedules of controlled substance list
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controlled substance
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written permission obtained from a patient consenting to the performance of a specific procedure, after the patient has been given the information regarding the procedure deemed necessary for patient to make sound informed decision
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informed consent
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legal termed established under Harrison Anti narcotic Act of 1914. Originally applied to drugs that produced insensibility or stupor, especially opioids. The term is used in clinical setting to refer to any medical administrated controlled substance and in legal settings to refer to any illicit or street drug
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narcotic
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a special category of drugs that have been identified to help treat patients with rare disease
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orphan drug
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the use of many different drugs concurrently in treating a patient who often has several health problems
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polypharmacy
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substance that upon entering the body are capable of inducing specific immune responses and in turn reacting with the specific products of the response
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antigen
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capable of reducing the physiologic and pharmacologic effects of histamines, including a wide variety of drugs that block histamine receptors
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antihistamine
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drugs that increase the flow of fluid in the respiratory tract, usually by reducing the viscosity of bronchial and tracheal secretions, and facilitate their removal by coughing and ciliary action
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expectorant
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any infection disease of the upper respiratory tract including the common cold, laryngitis, pharyngitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, and tonsillitis
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(URI) upper respiratory tract infection
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any substance that evoke an allergic response
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allergen
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the onset of wheezing together with difficulty breathing
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asthma attack
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medications that improve the airflow by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle cells
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bronchodilators
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a prolonged asthma attack
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status asthmaticus
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a condition in the lungs characterized by enlargement of the spaces distal to the bronchioles
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emphysema
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antitussives (Robitussin)
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Dextromethorphan
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a state in which there is a compulsive or chronic need for a drug
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dependence
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the length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response
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duration of action
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the initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the GI tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the bloodstream
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first past effect
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the time required for half of an administered dose of a drug to be eliminated by the body or the time it takes the blood level of the drug to be reduced by 50%
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half life
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the characteristic that cause two parenteral drugs or solutions to undergo a reaction when mixed together that results in the chemical deterioration of a at least one of the drugs
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incompatibility
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the chemical form of a drug that is administered before it is metabolized by the body’s biochemical reactions into its active or inactive metabolites
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parent drug
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the time required for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response in the body
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peak effect
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he study of the biochemical and physiologic interaction of drugs at their sites of activity. It examines the physiochemical properties of drugs and their pharmacologic interactions with body receptors
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pharmocodynamics
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he study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and animal source
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pharmacognos
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the rate of drug distribution among various body compartments after a drug has entered the body. It includes the phases of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs
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pharmacokinetics
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the treatment of pathologic conditions through the use of drugs
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pharmacotherapeutics
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reduced response to a drug after prolonged use
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tolerance
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traditional antihistamine (Benadryl)
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Diphenhydramine
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expectorant (Mucinex)
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Guaifenesin
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nonesedating antihistamine (Claritin)
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Loratadine
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beta 2 adrenergic agonist bronchodilator (Proventil)
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Albuterol
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beta 2 adrenergic agonist bronchodilator (Serevent) long acting should not be used for acute attacks has a 12 hour half life
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Salmeterol
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Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist
(Singulair) |
Montelukast
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xanthine
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Theophylline
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Common cold, influenza, upper respiratory infection, H1N1, decrease inflammation, UTI, genital herpes, gum disease
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Echinacea
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Hypertension, prevention of coronary artery disease, age related vascular changes, atherolscorosis
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garlic
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Hypertension, Raynaud’s disease, depression, many others
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ginko
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May enhance anticoagulants & antiplatelets; decrease effect of oral contraceptives, herbal fever few ginger, ginko, & ginseng. May increase of bleedin - monitor lab values. May decrease glucose and cholesterol; and may increase INR (cause bleeding).
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garlic
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changes the way other medications are broken down by the body. To include: Nevacor, Biaxin, Neoral, Cardiziem, and many more. May cause allergic reactions.
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Echinacea
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upset stomach, diarrhea, constipation, dizziness, seizures, heart palpitations, nausea, vomiting, increased busing and bleeding, rash, headaches do not take if you are pregnant, trying to get pregnant
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ginko
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body odor, heartburn, oral, pharyngeal burning diarrhea, vomiting and allergic reactions
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garlic
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Headache, rapid heartbeat, jitters
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Echinacea
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Do not take with anticoagulants, aspirin, garlic, ginseng
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ginko
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Stress/ enhances energy/ physical endurance/improves cognitive function/ concentration/ memory/work efficiency/ aids in serum glucose control/ increases immune function
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ginsing
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Stress/ enhances energy/ physical endurance/improves cognitive function/ concentration/ memory/work efficiency/ aids in serum glucose control/ increases immune function
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ginseng
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What Does This Treat?
Hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, psoriasis, weight loss, obesity. |
grapefruit extract
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Side Effects
No negative side effects reported but adverse reactions with medications if taken orally; no adverse effects when used topically |
grape fruit extract
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Medication Interactions
Anticoagulants, antiplatelet, (asprins/clopidogrel/enoxaparin/ heparin/warfarin) - may increase risk of bleeding. May increase effects of insulin/ oral anti-diabetic agents. Effects may be decreased with use of furosemide. Interferes with immunosuppressants. |
ginseng
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Medication Interactions
May increase concentration/adverse effects of bendodiazepines, calcium channel blockers, carbamazepine, carvediol, cyclosporin, statin drugs |
grapefruit extract
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Side Effects
Insomnia/Vaginal Bleeding/ Amenorrhea/ Palpitations/ Hypertension/ diarrhea/ headache/ allergic reactions. Avoid if pregnant or don’t take with gingko it may increase bleeding. |
ginseng
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What Does This Treat?
treatment for depression and anxiety; including secondary effects of depression including fatigue, loss of appetite, anxiety, nervousness and insomnia. |
St Johns wort
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What Does This Treat?
treats PMS, symptoms of menopause, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis Symptoms of prostate cancer, mild diuretic |
saw palmetto
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What Does This Treat?
Insomnia, sleeping disorder associated with anxiety, restlessness, depression ADHD |
valerian
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Medication Interactions
Drugs: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, Antidepressants, may decrease effectiveness of cyclosporine resulting in organ rejection and digoxin Herbal: Chamomile, Ginseng, Goldenseal, Kava Kava and Valerian |
St. Johns wort
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Side Effects
Side effects: abdominal cramps, insomnia, vivid dreams, restlessness, anxiety, agitation, irritability, fatigue, dry mouth, headache, dizziness, photosensitivity and confusion. Food: Tyramine containing food may cause hypertensive crisis with increased dose of St. John’s Wart Tyramine is found in: preserved or aged foods, aged cheese, aged or cured meats, any potentially spoiled meats/poultry/fish, Sauerkraut, Soy sauce and soy bean condiments, wine, and beer. |
St Johns wort
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Medication Interactions
DRUG: Alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, may have additive effect (make pt more sleepy) HERBAL: chamomile, ginseng, kava kava, melatonin, St. John’s wart, may enhance the herbal effect |
valerian
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Medication Interactions
Interferes with hormone therapy; may cause oral contraceptives to not work. With anticoagulants may increase effects increased risk of bleeding. |
saw palmetto
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Medication Interactions
Interferes with hormone therapy; may cause oral contraceptives to not work. |
saw palmetto
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Side Effects
May cause hang over, cardiac erythema, headache |
valerian
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Does This Cure the Problem?
does not cure but helps with symptoms |
saw palmetto
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Does This Cure the Problem?
Up to four weeks to see results. |
valerian
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What Does This Treat?
Anxiety, insomnia, restlessness, fatigue, menopausal symptoms |
kava
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What Does This Treat?
treats PMS, symptoms of menopause, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis |
evening primrose
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Side Effects
Cause liver damage, liver failure, several causes of dystonia, scaly yellow skins; don’t operate heavy machinery or drive |
kava
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Medication Interactions
any anticoagulant; may help prevent calcium-based kidney stones; may increase incidence of uric-acid based kidney stones |
cranberry
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Medication Interactions
increases risk of bleeding with anticoagulants with antipsychotic can cause seizure |
evening primrose
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Medication Interactions
any anticoagulant; may help prevent calcium-based kidney stones; may increase incidence of uric-acid based kidney stones |
cranberry
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Medication Interactions
increases risk of bleeding with anticoagulants |
evening primrose
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Diarrhea, may decrease antacid meds,
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cranberry
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What Does This Treat?
Help treat or prevent urinary tract infections Reduce risk of heart disease |
Cranberry
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Does This Cure the Problem?
does not cure but helps with pain |
cranberry
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Medication Interactions
Don’t take benzodiazepines, interferes with Parkinson’s disease drugs |
kava
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Side Effects
Cause liver damage, liver failure, several causes of dystonia, scaly yellow skins; don’t operate heavy machinery or drive |
kava
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Does This Cure the Problem?
does help to prevent urinary tract infections (UTI) |
cranberry
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intervention monitor BP esp in elderly because of increase risk of hypotension. Monitor children for pardoxical reaction
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Diphenhydramine- traditional antihistamine (Benadryl)
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contrindicated in cases of a drug allergy, asthma, emphysema, or persistant headache
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Dextromethorphan-antitussives (Robitussin)
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patient teaching-tolerance to antihistamimic effect generally does not occur. Avoid tasks that require altertness. Dry mouth and dizziness may be expected . Avoid alcohol
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Diphenhydramine- traditional antihistamine (Benadryl)
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intervention/evaluation- intiate deep breathing coughing exercises particulary in pts with pulmonary impairment. Assess for clinical improvement record onset of relief of cough
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Guaifenesin-expectorant (Mucinex)
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beneficial in the treatment of product cough becuase it thins the mucus in the respiratory tract that is difficult to cough up.
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Guaifenesin-expectorant (Mucinex)
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non sedating antihistamine because it does not distribute into CNS, used to relieve symptoms of seasonal allergies
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Loratadine-nonesedating antihistamine (Claritin)
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has a half life of one hour
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Guaifenesin-expectorant (Mucinex)
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patient teaching- drink plenty of water, avoid alcohol, avoid task that require alertness, may cause photosensitivity
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Loratadine-nonesedating antihistamine (Claritin)
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long acting beta 2 agonist bronchodilator has a unique 12 hour duration of action-should never be used for acute treatment . used for maintanance of asthma and COPD
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Salmeterol-beta 2 adrenergic agonist bronchodilator (Serevent)
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intervention- increase fluids to decrease viscosity of secretions, offset thirst, replace fluids from increased diaphoresis
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Loratadine-nonesedating antihistamine (Claritin)
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