Pharmacology Test 1 (Pharmacokinetics, Analgesics, Nsaids, Ans, Antibiotics)

Front 1

What is absorption?

Back 1

The movement of a drug from it's site o administration into the bloodstream for distribution to the tissues.

Front 2

What is excretion?

Back 2

The process of elimination of the drugs from the body

Front 3

What organ is primarily responsible for excretion?

Back 3

The kidney. Also the liver and the bowel.

Front 4

What is distribution?

Back 4

Transport of a drug in the body by the bloodstream to it's site of action

Front 5

What is metabolism?

Back 5

The biological transformation of a drug into an inactive metabolite

Front 6

What is a metabolite?

Back 6

A more soluble compound

Front 7

What is the first pass effect?

Back 7

A PO drug that is absorbed from the intestine must first pass through the liver before i reaches the systemic circulation

Front 8

What is enteral?

Back 8

Oral ingestion of the drug

Front 9

What else is included in enteral?

Back 9

Sublingual and buccal

Front 10

What is parenteral?

Back 10

By injection

Front 11

What else is included in parenteral?

Back 11

IM, ID, subcutaneous, and IV

Front 12

What is topical?

Back 12

Application of medications to body surfaces

Front 13

What is transdermal?

Back 13

Through a drug patch

Front 14

What is inhalation?

Back 14

Delivered to the lungs as tiny drug particles

Front 15

What is drug-drug interaction?

Back 15

When one drug decreases or increases the response of another concurrently given drug

Front 16

What are the four sources of drugs?

Back 16

Plant, animal, minerals, and from chemicals (synthetic)

Front 17

What are some sources of drug information?

Back 17

The Compendium of Pharmaceutical Specialties (CPS), Mosby's Drug Consult, Drug Formulary, Physician's Desk Reference (PDR)

Front 18

What is pharmacokinetics?

Back 18

The study of drug distribution rates between various body compartments after a drug has entered the body

Front 19

What is drug action?

Back 19

Refer to the chemical changes the drug produces in cells and tissues

Front 20

What is drug effect?

Back 20

Combination of biological, physical, and psychological changes that take place in the body as a result of the drug action

Front 21

What is therapeutic effect?

Back 21

Desired effect, or reason the drug was administered

Front 22

What are side effects?

Back 22

Additional effects on the body that are not part of the goal of drug therapy- can be from harmless, mildly annoying to dangerous

Front 23

What is a drug allergy?

Back 23

An abnormal response that occurs because a person has developed antibodies against a particular drug

Front 24

What is histamine?

Back 24

Released during a drug allergy and is responsible for the symptoms we see

Front 25

What is toxicity?

Back 25

The drugs ability to poison the body- an overdose of med- amount of med too great for size, age, and/or condition

Front 26

What is an adverse reaction?

Back 26

An unexpected, unintended and undesired response to a medication

Front 27

What is an idiosyncratic reaction?

Back 27

Abnormal responses to specific drugs thought to be caused by an abnormal metabolism of drugs as a result of an enzyme deficiency

Front 28

What is tolerance?

Back 28

The need for increasingly larger doses of a drug to produce the same effects

Front 29

What is synergism?

Back 29

When 2 drugs given together they produce a more powerful response than each given seperately

Front 30

What is potentiation?

Back 30

One drug increases the effect of the other drug

Front 31

What is antagonism?

Back 31

2 drugs inhibit or cancel out each other's effect

Front 32

What is onset?

Back 32

The time it takes for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response

Front 33

What is peak effect?

Back 33

The time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response

Front 34

What is duration of action?

Back 34

The length of time that a drug concentration is enough to elicit a therapeutic response

Front 35

What is peak level?

Back 35

Highest blood level of the drug

Front 36

What is trough level?

Back 36

Lowest blood level of the drug

Front 37

What is a plateau or steady state?

Back 37

The state in which the amount of drug is removed by elimination is equal to the amount absorbed with each dose

Front 38

What is half-life?

Back 38

The time it takes for on half of the original amount of drug in the body to be removed and is a measure of the rate at which drugs are removed from the body

Front 39

How many half lives until the drug is removed from the body?

Back 39

About 5 half lives

Front 40

What is acute therapy?

Back 40

Intensive drug therapy; short periods of time

Front 41

Maintenance therapy?

Back 41

Does not eradicate the problems but prevents progression

Front 42

Supplemental therapy?

Back 42

Something the body requires but cannot make itself (i.e insulin administration)

Front 43

Palliative therapy?

Back 43

Goal to make the patient as comfortable as possible

Front 44

Supportive therapy?

Back 44

Providing fluid and electrolytes to prevent dehydration for a patient with influenza

Front 45

Prophylatic therapy?

Back 45

Antibiotics given prior to surgery to prevent post op infection "just in case"

Front 46

What are controlled acts?

Back 46

Restricted activities that only nurses are legally eligible to do

Front 47

What factors affect drug action?

Back 47

Dosage, diet, age, sex, ethnics, weight, route, drug-drug interaction, level of activity, genetics and pathological consideration

Front 48

How does aging alter drug action?

Back 48

Actions of absorption, metabolism, and excretion become slower and distribution becomes unpredictable

Front 49

How are absorption and distribution affected due to aging?

Back 49

Slower blood circulation and slower absorption of oral meds through the intestines

Front 50

What affects drugs in aging?

Back 50

Heart pumps less efficiently, stomach and intestines have fewer digestive enzymes, peristalsis is weaker, heart and brain compete for blood supply causing more of the drug ending up in the heart and brain

Front 51

What are some reasons for risks of drug-drug interactions in the elderly?

Back 51

With increased age comes increased amount of diseases which then means more medications.

Front 52

What is something that can occur in the elderly with medications?

Back 52

Toxicity

Front 53

Why does toxicity occur more commonly in the elderly?

Back 53

Drugs aren't excreted as quickly

Front 54

What are the different life spans to consider with medications?

Back 54

Pregnancy, breast feeding, neonatal, pediatric, geriatric

Front 55

Which trimester of pregnancy is the period of greatest danger for drug-induced developmental defects?

Back 55

First trimester

Front 56

Where do drugs diffuse during pregnancy?

Back 56

Across the placenta

Front 57

What are some pediatric considerations with medications?

Back 57

Skin is thinner and more permeable, stomach lacks acid to kill bacteria, lungs lack mucus barriers, body temps are poorly regulated, dehydration occurs easily, liver and kidney are immature which impairs drug metabolism and excretion

Front 58

What are some geriatric considerations?

Back 58

Use of OTC medications, polypharmacy

Front 59

What are analgesics?

Back 59

General pain medications that relieve pain without causing loss of consciousness

Front 60

What is pain?

Back 60

It's an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

Front 61

What is the action of an analgesic?

Back 61

Either affect the brain itself or interfere with the ability of pain receptors around the body to send pain messages to the brain

Front 62

What is an analgesic-antipyretic?

Back 62

An analgesic with anti inflammatory properties. Often combined with narcotic analgesics or sedatives in prescription pain relievers

Front 63

What are narcotics?

Back 63

A large group f analgesics that along with pain relief bring a euphoria, a sense of calm, and are therefore often abused

Front 64

What are opioid analgesics?

Back 64

Pain relievers that contain opium,derived from the opium poppy or chemically related to opium; very strong painrelievers

Front 65

How many different alkaloids available from the opium plant?

Back 65

20

Front 66

How many alkaloids are useful clinically?

Back 66

3

Front 67

What alkaloids are used clinically?

Back 67

Morphine, codeine, papaverine

Front 68

What are some nursing implications for analgesics?

Back 68

Beforebeginning therapy, perform a thorough history regarding allergies and use ofother medications, including alcohol, health history, and medical history –presence of liver disease. Obtain baseline vitals. Assess for potential contraindications and drug interactions

Front 69

When should pain medication be administered?

Back 69

Before pain becomes severe

Front 70

What is the biggest side effect with narcotics?

Back 70

Respiratory depression

Front 71

Narcotic indications/use?

Back 71

Their main use is to alleviate moderate to severe pain.

Front 72

What are narcotics often given with?

Back 72

Adjuvant analgesic agents to assist the primary agents with pain relief

Front 73

What are some of the adjuvant analgesic agents?

Back 73

NSAIDs, antidpressants, anticonvulsants, corticosterioids

Front 74

What is narcan?

Back 74

It is used for complete or partial reversal of opioid-induced respiratory depression

Front 75

What are some side effects of opioid analgesics?

Back 75

Euphoria, CNS depression, nausea and vomiting, respiratory depression, urinary retention, diaphoresis (sweating) and flushing, pupil constriction, constipation, and itching

Front 76

What are some nursing implications for opioid analgesics?

Back 76

Oral forms should be taken with food, withhold dose and contact physician if there is a decrease in respirations, up fluid and fiber intake, advise clients to change positions slowly to prevent orthostatic hypotension

Front 77

What are NSAIDs?

Back 77

They are a large and chemically diverse group of drugs

Front 78

What properties do NSAID's have?

Back 78

Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, anti-rheumatic

Front 79

What side effects do NSAIDs have?

Back 79

Heartburn, epigastric distress, nausea, GI bleeding, mucosal lesions, reductions in creatine clearance, renal failure, pulmonary edema

Front 80

What are some implications of NSAIDs?

Back 80

Perform lab studies as ordered, perform a medication history, better tolerated with food, milk, or an antacid, explain therapeutic effects may not be seen for 3-4 weeks, patients should keep an eye out for any abnormal bleeding, enteric-coated tablets should not be crushed or chewed.

Front 81

Contraindications of NSAIDs?

Back 81

GI lesions or peptic ulcer disease, and bleeding disorders

Front 82

What are some serious drug interactions with NSAIDs?

Back 82

Alcohol, heparin, phenytoin, oral anticoagulants, steroids, sulfonamides

Front 83

What are NSAIDs used for?

Back 83

Analgesia (mild to moderate), antigout effects, anti-inflammatory effects, antipyretic effects, relief of vascular headaches, platelet inhibition, arthritis, joint, bone, and muscle pain

Front 84

What action do NSAIDs have?

Back 84

Relieve pain, headache, and inflammation by blocking the chemical activity of enzymes. Blocking this chemical activity limits inflammatory effects.

Front 85

What system do cholinergic agents apply?

Back 85

The PNS

Front 86

What are some side effects of cholinergic drugs?

Back 86

Over stimulation of PNS (bradycardia, headache, dizziness, convulsions), SLUDGE (salivation, lacrimation, urinary incontinence, diarrhea, GI cramps, emisis)

Front 87

What are some uses for cholinergics?

Back 87

Reduce intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma, treat GI and bladder disorders, Alzheimer's and excessive dry mouth, used to stimulate the intestine and bladder.

Front 88

What are some uses for scopolamine?

Back 88

Used for preop control of secretions and motion sickness

Front 89

What do anticholingerics do?

Back 89

They block cholinergic effect which allows the SNS to dominate

Front 90

What are some used for Detrol?

Back 90

Overactive bladder

Front 91

What system do adrenergic agents deal with?

Back 91

Stimulate the SNS

Front 92

What use do adrenergics have?

Back 92

Asthma, bronchitis, relief of nasal congestion, conjunctival congestion, dilates pupils, supports CV system during cardiac failure or shock (epinephrine)

Front 93

What will you see if adrenergics are working?

Back 93

Bronchial, GI and uterine relaxation, heart stimulation, glycongenolysis (conversion of glycogen into glucose)

Front 94

Where are alpha 1 adrenergic receptors found?

Back 94

Located on the tissue, muscle, or organ that the nerve stimulates

Front 95

Where are alpha 2 adrenergic receptors found?

Back 95

Located on the actual nerves

Front 96

Where are beta 1 adrenergic receptors found?

Back 96

Located primarily in the heart

Front 97

Where are beta 2 adrenergic receptors found?

Back 97

Located primarily in the smooth muscles of the bronchioles

Front 98

What are some implications of adrenergic blockers?

Back 98

Avoid caffeine and stimulants, safety when rising, never abruptly stop the drug, avoid OTC's, watch vital signs

Front 99

What are the different anti-infective agents?

Back 99

Antibiotic, antiviral, antitubercular, antifungal, antimalarial, antiprotozoal, antithelmintic

Front 100

What are antibiotics?

Back 100

Medications used to treat bacterial infections

Front 101

What are the classifications of antibiotics?

Back 101

Sulfonamides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, macolides, aminoglycosides, quinolones

Front 102

What is empirical therapy?

Back 102

Treatment of an infection before specific culture info has been reported or obtained

Front 103

What is prophylactic therapy?

Back 103

Treatment with antibiotics to prevent an infection

Front 104

What is a subtherapeutic response?

Back 104

Signs and symptoms of an infection do not improve

Front 105

What is a superinfetion?

Back 105

A secondary infection that occurs in addition to an earlier primary infection

Front 106

What does bactericidal mean?

Back 106

Kills bacteria

Front 107

What is bacteriostatic?

Back 107

Inhibit growth of susceptible bacteria, rather than killing them immediately; will eventually lead to bacterial death