Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Preclinical trials
|
chemicals that may have therapeutic value are tested on lab animals for 2 main purposes. 1. determine whether they have the presumed effects in living tissue, and 2. evaluate any adverse effects.
|
|
|
Teratogenic
|
Causing adverse effects to the fetus
|
|
|
Phase I studies
|
Use human volunteers to test the drugs. Usually young men.
|
|
|
Phase II studies
|
Allow clinical investigators to try the drugs in patients who have the disease that the drug is meant to treat.
|
|
|
Phase III studies
|
involve use of the drug in vast clinical market. Prescribers then evaluate the reported effects to determine whethey they are caused by the disease or by the drug.
|
|
|
Brand name
|
trade name developed by the pharmaceutical company that developed it.
|
|
|
Generic name
|
origianl designation that the drug was given when the drug company applied for the approval process.
|
|
|
Chemical name
|
are names that reflect the chemical structure of a drug.
|
|
|
Phase IV study
|
continual evaluation
|
|
|
Category A
|
Adequate studies in pregnant women have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus in the first trimester of pregnancy, and there is no evidence of risk in later trimesters.
|
|
|
Category B
|
Animal studies have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus but there are no adequate studies in pregnant women, or animal studies have shown an adverse effect.
|
|
|
Category C
|
Animal studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus but there are no adequate studies in humans; the benefits from the use of the drug in pregnant women may be acceptable despite it's potential risk, or there are no adequate studies in humans.
|
|
|
Category D
|
There is no evidence of human fetal risk, but the potential benefits from the use of the drug in pregnant women may be acceptable despite its potential risks.
|
|
|
Category X
|
Studies in animals or humans demonstrate fetal abnormalities or adverse reaction; reports indicate evidence of fetal risk. The risk of use in a pregnant woman clearly outweighs any possible benefit.
|
|
|
Schedule I
|
High abuse potential and no accepted medical use (heroine, marijuana, LSD)
|
|
|
Schedult II
|
High abuse potential with severe dependence liability (narcotics, amphetamines, and barbituates)
|
|
|
Schedule III
|
Less abuse potential than Schedule II drugs and moderate dependence liability (nonbarbiturate sedatives, nonamphetamine stimulants, limited amounts of certain narcotics)
|
|
|
Schedule IV
|
Less abuse potential than Schedule III and limited dependence liability (some sedatives, antianxiety agents, and non narcotic analgesics)
|
|
|
Schedule V
|
Limited abuse potential. Primarily small amounts of narcotics (codeine)
|
|
|
pharmacodynamics
|
how the drug affects the body
|
|
|
pharmacokinetics
|
how the body acts on the drug
|
|
|
pharmacology
|
the study of the biological effects of chemicals
|
|
|
pharmacotherapeutics
|
clinical pharmacology, the branch of pharmacology that uses drugs to treat, prevent, and diagnose disease.
|
|
|
genetic engineering
|
the process of altering DNA
|
|
|
Orphan drugs
|
drugs that have been discovered but are not financially viable and therefore have not been "adopted" by any drug company.
|
|
|
chemotherapeutic agents
|
interfere with the functioning of foreign cells, such as invading microorganisms or neoplasms.
|
|
|
selective toxicity
|
The ability of a drug to attack only those systems found in foreign cells .
|
|
|
critical concentration
|
the amount of a drug that is needed to cause a therapeutic effect.
|
|
|
Absorption
|
what happens to a drug from the time it is introduced to the body until it reaches the circulating fluids and tissues.
|
|
|
Passive diffusion
|
major process through which drugs are absorbed into the body. Occurs across a concentration gradient.
|
