Pharmacology, Semester 1 Exam 2 Again

Front 1

ACH binding in the PNS,SNS, and CNS

Back 1

in the CNS ACH will bind to the nicotinic receptors which are attached to skeletal muscle

in the PNS ACH will bind to the nicotinic receptors on the ganglion, ACH will also activate to the post ganglionic muscarinic receptors,

in the SNS ACH will only bind to the nicotinic receptors ganglia.

Front 2

the binding of Nor.eppi

Back 2

Nor Epp. will bind at the post SNS pathway to the Alpha and Beta adrenergic receptors.

Front 3

location of the nicotinic receptors

Back 3

nicotinic receptors are located at the end of the somatic motor pathway, they are also located in the ganglionic neurons of the PNS and SNS,

Front 4

what is a sympatholytic blocker

Back 4

A sympatholytic drug is nothing more than an SNS blocker, or antagonist which inhibits the post ganglionic signals of epin, and nor. epin.

all SNS antagonist can be used as antihypertensives.

Front 5

metyrosine

Back 5

metyrosine is a good sympatholytic blocker
it will inhibit the TH, or tyrosine hydroxylase step of dopa, Nor. epin formation remember that this is already the rate limiting step

Front 6

guanadrel

Back 6

guanadrel is a good sympatholytic
it works by preventing VMAT from transporting Dopa inot the cell where it is made into Nor. epp
this is an indirect reaction

Front 7

bretylium

Back 7

bretylium pretends to be Nor. Epp so much that VMAT will transport it into vessicels. however, the drug is inactive when released

Front 8

muscarinic receptors. and the PNS

Back 8

drugs arn't selective towards the 5 subtypes of muscarinic receptors
lower HR, constriction of bronchioles. constriction of pupils, miosis (relief from glaucoma). increased secretions, digestion, urination and dilation of blood vessels.
these drugs are most commonly used for the treatment of glaucoma

Front 9

carbachol

Back 9

muscarinic receptors agonist or or parasympathomimetics
this drug is used as eye drops to treat glaucoma

Front 10

pilocarpine

Back 10

muscarinic receptors agonist or or parasympathomimetics
very similar to carbachol. local administration for glaucoma

Front 11

bethanechol

Back 11

(urecholine)

muscarinic receptors agonist or or parasympathomimetics
specially to lower gastric secretions and to increase urinary retention

Front 12

pilocarpine

Back 12

salagen

muscarinic receptors agonist or or parasympathomimetics
usefull in treatment of showgrine syndrome by increasing salivation

Front 13

cevimeline

Back 13

evoxac

muscarinic receptors agonist or or parasympathomimetics
similar to pilocarpine in helping to increase salivation.

Front 14

muscarine receptor antagonist.

Back 14

by blocking the PNS all dual connected tissues become at the mercy of the SNS and Nor. eppi.

Front 15

atropine
belladonna
clidinium
cycopentolate (cyclogyl)

Back 15

muscarinic receptor antagonist

Front 16

dicyclomine

Back 16

bentyl)
muscarinic receptor antagonist

Front 17

flavoxate

Back 17

(urispas)

muscarinic receptor antagonist

Front 18

fesoterodine

Back 18

(toviaz)

muscarinic receptor antagonist

Front 19

glycopyrrolate

Back 19

muscarinic receptor antagonist

Front 20

hyoscyamine (levistin)

Back 20

muscarinic receptor antagonist

Front 21

mepenzolate

Back 21

muscarinic receptor antagonist

Front 22

mepenzolate

Back 22

muscarinic receptor antagonist

Front 23

oxybutynin

Back 23

(ditropan)

muscarinic receptor antagonist

Front 24

propantheline

Back 24

muscarinic receptor antagonist

Front 25

scopolamine

Back 25

muscarinic receptor antagonist

Front 26

solifenacin

Back 26

vesicare

muscarinic receptor antagonist

Front 27

tilerodine

Back 27

(detrol)

muscarinic receptor antagonist

Front 28

tropicamide

Back 28

(mydriacyl)

muscarinic receptor antagonist

Front 29

trospium

Back 29

(sanctura)

muscarinic receptor antagonist

Front 30

parasympathomimetic, or PNS agonist

Back 30

review exam 2 medchem notes

Front 31

neostigmine

Back 31

ACHesterase inhibitor

Front 32

physostigmine

Back 32

ACHesterase inhibitor
reversible carbamate CHesterase inhibitor. 
commonly used for eye drops.

Front 33

pyridostigmine

Back 33

(mestinon)

ACHesterase inhibitor
remember gravis

Front 34

ambenomium

Back 34

(mytelase)

ACHesterase inhibitor

Front 35

echothiophate

Back 35

(phospholine iodide)

ACHesterase inhibitor

Front 36

mestinon

Back 36

ACHesterase inhibitors 
commonly used for chronic treatment of gravis

Front 37

edrophonium

Back 37

ACHesterase inhibitors 
used for acute diagnosis of gravis as to why mestinon is not working correctly. 
injectable

Front 38

irreversible ACHesterase inhibitors

bind with much stronger covalent bonds to ACHesterase

Back 38

examples are sarin (subway terrorist attacks)
parathion is an irreversible ACHesterase inhibitors which was used to kill larva of californian fruit fly.

Front 39

malathion

Back 39

malathion ovide

irreversible ACHesterase inhibitors
not bioaviable towards humans, but blocks irreversible ACHesterase inhibitors on insects and kills them all.. lice

Front 40

where are nicotinic receptors located

Back 40

CNS, ganglia of PNS and SNS, in the neuromuscular jxn. and the adrenal medulla.

Front 41

nicotine's peripheral effects and nicotines central effects

Back 41

increased Br, Hr, sweating, GI motility, skeletal relaxation


increase alertness when drowsy, but also relax when tense. 
also stimulates reward pathways... dependence

Front 42

varenicline

Back 42

(chantix)

partial agonist at nicotine receptor in CNS. binds with higher affinity, but less E max. this is the only nicotinic agonist, 
smoking sensation, chantex

Front 43

Beta 2 receptor location

Back 43

primary locations are on the brachial, uterine, blood vessels, skeletal, liver, eyes,

Front 44

beta 2 receptor effects

Back 44

relaxation of muscles, in the brochi, bronchodialation. uterine relaxation, vasodilatation with a reflex increase in HR, increased production of glucose, tremors, and increased production of aqueous humor

Front 45

beta 2 receptor inhibitions (antagonist)

Back 45

similar to muscarinic agonist. broncho constriction (bad for asthmatics) , vasoconstriction (cold fingers). and a reduction in glycogenolysis, glucose production, and aqueous humor production.
these inhibitions are commonly only troublesome in people who have pre-existing problems

Front 46

beta 2 receptor inhibitions (antagonist)

Back 46

similar to muscarinic agonist. broncho constriction (bad for asthmatics) , vasoconstriction (cold fingers). and a reduction in glycogenolysis, glucose production, and aqueous humor production.
these inhibitions are commonly only troublesome in people who have pre-existing problems

Front 47

beta 2 adverse effects (of agonist)

Back 47

reflex, resulting in an increase of HR, tremors, an increase in blood glucose, and aqueous humor.

Front 48

albuterol

Back 48

Beta 2 selective agonist 
has rapid onset, but is short acting
treating asthma with local administration inhalers

Front 49

bitolterol

Back 49

tornalate
a
Beta 2 selective agonist
treating asthma with local administration inhalers

Front 50

isotharine

Back 50

foradil 
Beta 2 selective agonist 
treating asthma with local administration inhalers

Front 51

levabuterol
metaproterenol
pirbuterol

Back 51

xopenex 
Beta 2 selective agonist
treating asthma with local administration inhalers

Front 52

salmeterol

Back 52

servent 
Beta 2 selective agonist
treating asthma with local administration inhalers
has a long onset of action, but also a long duration of action.

Front 53

terbutaline

Back 53

Beta 2 selective agonist 
can also be used IV, good for life threatening asthma

Front 54

ritodrine

Back 54

Beta 2 selective agonist 
given IV as a baby pauser

Front 55

isoproterenol

Back 55

non selective beta agonist... activation of both Beta 1 and Beta 2 receptors
it will not only cause bronchodiatlion, but will also increase HR.
used more for its chronotropic effects... increasing HR
additive therapeutic effects of both beta 1 and beta 2 agonist.

Front 56

dobutamine

Back 56

a selective beta 1 agonist, this drug has greater inotropic effect than inotropic effect, increase force of contractions

Front 57

non selective beta antagonist

Back 57

will block both beta 1 and beta 2 

will have additive effects of the beta 1 and beta 2 antagonist. making them less desirable for diabetes and asthmatics.
given to lower hypertension and HR. has many more side effects than the selective agonist
up-regulation will occur when patients are on these antagonist.

Front 58

propanolol
nadolol
pindolol
sotalol

Back 58

non selective beta antagonist

Front 59

timolol

Back 59

non selective beta antagonist,
giving as eye drops for glaucoma, not as bad for asthmatics or diabetics

Front 60

levobunalol

Back 60

non selective beta antagonist
giving as eye drops for glaucoma, not as bad for asthmatics or diabetics

Front 61

alpha 1 receptor of the SNS locations

Back 61

smooth muscle, 
veins, nasal mucosa capillaries, bladder, urethra, prostate, and the radial muscle of the eye

Front 62

alpha 1 receptor effects

Back 62

vasoconstriction of veins, reflex will lower HR. 
vasoconstriction of mucosa, 
resistance to urine outflow, 
mydriasis due to radial muscle contraction.

Front 63

alpha 1 agonist

Back 63

alpha 1 will contract the smooth muscle by releasing Ca into the cell from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
when constricting muscles with an alpha 1 agonist the reflex response will be a reduction in HR.

Front 64

Beta 2 agonist

Back 64

dilate vessels, causing a reflex increase in HR.

Front 65

alpha 1 agonist effects on the nasal passage
prostate, and bladder

Back 65

the capillaries from the nasal mucosa will constrict, this will increase the volume of air capable of flowing through the nose... decongestion.
in the prostate and bladder, there will be a resistance to an outflow of urine

Front 66

remember muscarinic receptors. and their relation to bladder excretion

Back 66

the muscarinic receptors contract and cause urine to flow out.

Front 67

medrysis

Back 67

SNS innervates the radial muscle contraction with an alpha agonist 
also innervated with a muscarinic agonist.?

Front 68

alpha 1 receptors

Back 68

think smooth muscle and contraction
contraindications for people with high BP

Front 69

uses of alpha 1 agonist

Back 69

vasoconstriction is very helpful when patient is in shock because the constriction will increase BP
constriction of nasal passages will help as a decongestant
contraindications for people with high BP and BPH

Front 70

midodrine

Back 70

an alpha 1 receptor agonist,
used for effecons on hypotension, shock, and low BP

Front 71

phenylephrine

Back 71

neosynephrine 
an alpha 1 receptor agonist,
oral tablets, eye drops, IVs for treating shock and hypotension
remember that histamine is a vasodilator. causing things to swell

Front 72

pheudophedrine

Back 72

(sudafed)
an alpha 1 receptor agonist,

Front 73

oxymetazoline

Back 73

Afrin 
an alpha 1 receptor agonist

Front 74

alpha 1 receptor agonist contraindications

Back 74

bad for people with High BP, also bad for people with BPH

Front 75

an alpha 1 receptor agonist therapeutic side effects,

Back 75

things like overactive bladder would be reduced, but we have better less negatively therapeutic drugs which will work better.
most useful for hypotension, shock, and nasal congestion.

Front 76

alpha 1 receptor antagonist

Back 76

great for causing vasodilatation, this will result in an increase in HR because of the reflex response
will cause nasal congestion. and will increase urine outflow.
vasodialation and its treatment of hypertension. decreasing peripheral resistance.
bind to both alpha 1a and 1b, both in the prostate, and in the blood vessels

Front 77

prazosin

Back 77

alpha 1 receptor antagonist

Front 78

perazosin

Back 78

hytrin 
alpha 1 receptor antagonist

Front 79

doxazosin

Back 79

cardura 
alpha 1 receptor antagonist
good for treating hypertension and good for treating BPH

Front 80

alfuzosin

Back 80

uroxatral 
alpha 1 receptor antagonist

Front 81

alpha 1 receptors in the prostate 
alpha 1 receptors in the smooth muscle

Back 81

drugs can now be selective between these two locations
remeber that the alpha 1 ac receptors are in the bladder, and that the alpha 1b receptors are in the prostate

Front 82

flowmax

Back 82

tamsulosin selective for the alpha 1a receptor, will not bind to the alhpa 1b receptor. remeber that the alpha 1 ac receptors are in the bladder, and that the alpha 1b receptors are in the prostate
less dizziness, less reflex tachycardia.

Front 83

flowmax is selective, and not specific

Back 83

this means that tamsulosin will still have effects on the alpha 1b receptors in the prostate and bladder, but these effects will be much less than the effects being generated in the smooth muscle

Front 84

labetalol

Back 84

antagonist at the beta 1, beta 2, and alpha 1 receptors
almost like a combination of propanolol with prazosin
good for antihypertensives
blocking beta 2 is just soso, all we want is to block alpha 1 and beta 1
advantages over other drugs because it will lower HR, reduce cardiac output, and also vasodilatation,
advantages over alpha 1 agonist, is that it will not vasodilatation, but also decrease HR

Front 85

carvedilol

Back 85

antagonist at the beta 1, beta 2, and alpha 1 receptors
almost like a combination of propanolol with prazosin
good for antihypertensives
blocking beta 2 is just soso, all we want is to block alpha 1 and beta 1
advantages over other drugs because it will lower HR, reduce cardiac output, and also vasodilatation, 
advantages over alpha 1 agonist, is that it will not vasodilatation, but also decrease HR

Front 86

mecamylamine.

Back 86

competitive antagonist as neural nicotinic receptor (ganglionic blocker) 
excluding the vessels almost all tissues are always basiled together. mecamylamine will block all ganglionic nicotenic receptors, which are in both SNS and PNS. this results in reduced neuro transmission everywhere
needed for immediate reduction of hypertension

Front 87

how does mecamylamine reduce hypertension

Back 87

mecamylamine will block both SNS and PNS. however because veins are only controlled over by SNS, when its presence is removed dialation occurs.

Front 88

muscle nicotinic receptor antagonist.

Back 88

learn how i work

Front 89

curonium

Back 89

any suffix of curonium translates into a muscle nicotinic receptor antagonist.

Front 90

atracuronium

Back 90

muscle nicotinic receptor antagonist

Front 91

what do muscle nicotinic receptor antagonist do? remember they also end with curonium

Back 91

these drugs cause the release of histamine from mast cells. which binds to receptors to begin allergic reactions... this leads to vasodilatation and and an increased Hr.

Front 92

muscle nicotinic receptor antagonist are medically useful for surgery. explain.

Back 92

they cause paralysis because they are competitive blockers of ACH which is needed for muscle contractions. 
they may prevent the diaphragm from working. so when surgery is done to reverse paralysis administer ACHesterase inhibitors like neostigmine which will increase ACH levels in synapse, however neostigmine may also lower Hr, so it may be smart to also give atropine
will atropine only increase hr? or will it cause systemic effects thus hurting the diaphram even more.

Front 93

succinylcholine problems

Back 93

succinylcholine may act as a depolarizing neuromuscular blockers and result in uncontrolled release of calcium from SR causing contractions. this produces lots of heat and increases the body temp.

Front 94

beta 2 receptor antagonist.

Back 94

preventing nor. epin from binding to beta 1 receptors will allow for vasodilatation, and decreases in HR

Front 95

acebutolol

Back 95

sectral
beta 2 receptor antagonist.

Front 96

atenolol

Back 96

tenormin
beta 2 receptor antagonist.

Front 97

betaxolol

Back 97

beta 2 receptor antagonist.

Front 98

bisoprolol

Back 98

beta 2 receptor antagonist.

Front 99

metoprolol

Back 99

lopressor, toprol,
beta 2 receptor antagonist.

Front 100

esmolol

Back 100

brevibloc, good for treating acute arrhythmia's, very short acting, and give as an IV during emergencies, will be broken down by plasma esterase

beta 2 receptor antagonist.