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279 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define a drug (in the broadest sense).
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Any chemical agent that affects living protoplasm
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Define a drug (= medication).
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Any chemical agent used for treatment, prevention, or (rarely) diagnosis of disease.
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Define a medicine.
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A preparation that contains at least one active drug.
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What subdivision of pharm deals with the absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of drugs?
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Pharmacokinetics
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What subdivision of pharm deals with the biochemical/physiologic effects of drugs, mechanisms of action and drug-receptor interactions?
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Pharmacodynamics
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What biological item may be used as a model for drug-receptor interactions?
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Enzymes
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T/F: Drugs can give new function to cells/tissues.
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False, they can only modify what is already existing!
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Drugs have two very basic effects on tissues: 1 ___________ and 2 __________.
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Stimulate and depress
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What molecules in the living organism do drugs bind to?
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Receptors
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Most drug receptors are ___________. What are the three types of receptors (as listed in the textbook)?
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Macromolecules. 1. Enzymes 2. Nucleic acids 3 Membrane parts
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Name the one irreversible and strongest bond. Name the three weakest, reversible bonds from increasing to decreasing strength.
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Covalent. Ionic bonds>Hydrogen bonds>Van der Waal's forces
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Why is it better to plot dose-intensity relationships on logarithmic scales instead of arithmetic (From the book)?
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Arithmetic scales are hard to compare to each other, and often the intensity rises so fast it is impossible to determine the exact ED50
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Define an agonist.
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A drug that has an affinity for (attaches to and activates) receptors and produces an effect
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What equilibrium equation is used for drugs and their receptors? What is this equiilibrium called (from the book)? What are five required criteria for this equilibrium to hold true (from the book)?
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{D}+{R}<-> {DR} -->E . Occupation theory. 1 One drug must bind to one receptor 2 There can be no interactions between DR complexes 3 Receptors must have equal access 4 Only a portion of the total drug can bind 5 Proportional biologic response must exist
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Define an antagonist.
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Drugs that interact with the receptor to inhibit the action of an agonist without producing any effect themselves.
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Competitive, non-competitive antagonist, or partial agonist? Inhibition can be overcome by increasing the concentration of the agonist (which ultimately achieves the desired effects).
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Competitive antagonist
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Competitive, non-competitive antagonist, or partial agonist? The log dose-response curve is shifted to the right.
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Competitive antagonist
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Competitive, non-competitive antagonist, or partial agonist? Usually combines irreversibly with the receptor.
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Non-competitive antagonist
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Competitive, non-competitive antagonist, or partial agonist? The log dose-response curve shows reduced efficacy but the same potency.
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Non-competitive antagonist
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Competitive, non-competitive antagonist, or partial agonist? Acts on the same receptor as does the full agonist, but produces less than maximal effect
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Partial agonist
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Potency or efficacy: When a drug has greater biologic activity per unit mass.
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Potency
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Potency or efficacy: Relates to DOSE
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Potency
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Potency or efficacy: Maximum/'ceiling' effect that it produces is greater than that of another drug.
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Efficacy
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Define a probit.
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One standard deviation
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When plotting quantal drug-response curves, what is plotted on the x axis? What is plotted on the y-axis?
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X axis = Dose in micrograms/gram. Y axis = Percent of subjects that respond (yes, or no, not intensity of effects)
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Define margin of safety.
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The amount of a drug that can be safely given.
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What is ED50? What is LD50?
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ED50 is the dose of a drug at which 50% of the subjects respond (to a specified extent, like sleep). LD50 is the dose of a drug at which 50% of the subjects responsd (to a specified extent, like death).
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What is TI? How do you calculate TI? According to the FDA, what is the desired TI (at least)?
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TI is Therapeutic Index, or Margin of Safety. TI = LD50/ED50. FDA wants TI at least 20, but the farther apart the curves for ED and LD are, the safer the drug will be.
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What is the ratio of LD to ED that makes up the Clinical Margin of Safety?
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LD1/ED99, but this measurement is not as accurate as TI.
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When comparing two drugs on a graph, if the two drugs have parallel lines, they have (the same/different) mechanisms. If two drug curves are not parallel, they have (the same/different) mechanisms.
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The same (probably). Different, for sure, definitely.
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Name the two special types of hyporeactivity, and what causes them.
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1. Tolerance - previous exposure over time makes a subject less responsive to the same amount of drug 2. Tachyphylaxis - tolerance develops rapidly after a few doses
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Name 7 factors of drug effectiveness that are primarily related to patient characteristics.
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1 Weight/body surface area 2 Age 3 Pregnancy 4 Genetic factors 5 Disease 6 Adherence 7 Allergy
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What is one thing a prescriber can do to increase patient adherence to drug regimens?
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WRITE the instructions
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Differentiate side effect from toxic effect.
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Side effect is any effect other than the intended effect, while toxic effect is a side effect that is undesirable.
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T/F: Drugs can have no side effects.
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False, there is no known drug that has no side effects.
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Is this performed in animals or man? Determine ED50
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Animals
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Is this performed in animals or man? Evaluate toxicity using acute, subacute, or chronic doses
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Animals
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Is this performed in animals or man? Determine the best route of administration
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Animals
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Is this performed in animals or man? Develop analytical methods and study the kinetics of the drug
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Animals
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Is this performed in animals or man? Small doses to determine safety
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Man
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Is this performed in animals or man? Trials to evaluate safety and efficacy
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Man
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Is the nonproprietary name considered the generic or trade name?
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Generic, which we should know!!
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Name the 4 basic routes of drug administration.
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1 Enteral 2 Parenteral 3 Pulmonary 4 Dermal
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What is the most common route of drug administration? Why?
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Oral, because it is 1 Convenient 2 Economic 3 Safe (from book)
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In the GI tract, where are most drugs absorbed?
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Duodenum
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What is first-pass biotransformation?
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Biotransformation of a drug due to enterocytes/hepatocytes (mainly hepatocytes)
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Name the three specific types of enteral drug administration that avoid first-pass biotransformation.
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1 Sublingual 2 Buccal 3 Rectal
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What is the fastest route of drug administration, and therefore, the most dangerous?
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Intravenous
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What type of drug administration is usually used for solid tumors?
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Intra-arterial
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What type of drug administration is usually used for CSF?
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Intrathecal
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What type of drug administration is usually used for rabies and hemodialysis?
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Intraperitoneal
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What three forms of drugs can be taken up by the pulmonary system?
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1 Gas 2 Vapor 3 Aerosol
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What mechanism is used by the epidermis to take up dermally-administered drugs?
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Simple diffusion
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Are water soluble or lipid soluble drugs more efficiently taken up by dermal administration?
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Lipid-soluble (think of lotion!)
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Define absorption.
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Transfer of a drug from the site of administration to the blood stream
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What is the most common mechanism for drug absorption?
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Passive diffusion
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Regarding passive diffusion, molecules that are (water/lipid) soluble and (non/ionized) will diffuse more readily.
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Lipid, Non-ionized molecules
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What is the partition coefficient?
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Measure of relative solubility in fat compared to water
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T/F: Rates of transfer across barriers are directly related to the partition coefficient.
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TRUE
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Does the stomach more readily absorb weak acids, weak bases, or both?
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Weak acids
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Does the small intestine more readily absorb weak acids, weak bases, or both?
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Both
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Explain how you do calculations if a question asks, "Drug A has a pKa of X. At equilibrium between gastric juice of pH 1, and plasma of pH 7, the higher concentration of drug will be in… plasma, gastric juice, or equal concentrations?"
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Plug and chug into Henderson-Hasselbalch, and compare the two answers
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Define distribution.
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Movement of drugs through the body
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Name 5 things that determine how drugs are distributed (from book).
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1 Physicochemical properties of the drug 2 Cardiac output and regional blood flow 3 Membranes 4 pH 5 Binding of the drug
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What is the largest molecular size that can diffuse across capillary membranes (in Angstroms and in Kilodaltons)?
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30 Angstroms, 60 Kilodaltons
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What type of drugs are better for crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier, Water or Lipid Soluble?
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Lipid-soluble
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What is the major plasma protein used for binding drugs? What plasma protein do basic drugs readily bind to (from book)?
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Albumin. Alpha1 Acid Glycoprotein, AKA Orosomucoid
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Does drug binding to tissue (increase/decrease) the rate of elimination? What organ system is a large reservoir for tissue-bound drugs?
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Decreases. Muscle.
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What is the equation used for calcuating the volume of an unknown container?
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Vd = Dose of drug/Concentration of free drug in plasma
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What organ is the major site for drug biotransformation? What enzyme is mainly involved?
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Liver. Cytochrome P450
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Define enzyme induction.
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This is the stimulation of microsomal enzymes, which lends to increased tolerance to drugs
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Esterase/amidase hydrolysis: Is this reaction Phase I or Phase II? Is it Non or Microsomal? Is it Hydrolysis, Reduction, or Oxidation?
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Phase I, Non-microsomal, Hydrolysis
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Reduction of alcohols: Is this reaction Phase I or Phase II? Is it Non or Microsomal? Is it Hydrolysis, Reduction, or Oxidation?
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Phase I, Non-microsomal, Hydrolysis
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Alcohol Dehydrogenase: Is this reaction Phase I or Phase II? Is it Non or Microsomal? Is it Hydrolysis, Reduction, or Oxidation?
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Phase I, Non-microsomal, Oxidation
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Aliphatic hydroxylation: Is this reaction Phase I or Phase II? Is it Non or Microsomal? Is it Hydrolysis, Reduction, or Oxidation?
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Phase I, Non-microsomal, Oxidation
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Aromatic hydroxylation: Is this reaction Phase I or Phase II? Is it Non or Microsomal? Is it Hydrolysis, Reduction, or Oxidation?
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Phase I, Non-microsomal, Oxidation
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Deamination: Is this reaction Phase I or Phase II? Is it Non or Microsomal? Is it Hydrolysis, Reduction, or Oxidation?
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Phase I, Non-microsomal, Oxidation
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MAOIs: Is this reaction Phase I or Phase II? Is it Non or Microsomal? Is it Hydrolysis, Reduction, or Oxidation?
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Phase I, Non-microsomal, Oxidation
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Does microsomal biotransformation make drugs (more/less) polar, (more/less) hydrophilic, and (more/less) likely to penetrate?
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More polar, more hydrophilic, less likely to penetrate
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Hydrocarbon chain oxygen addition: Is this reaction Phase I or Phase II? Is it Non or Microsomal? Is it Hydrolysis, Reduction, or Oxidation?
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Phase I, Microsomal, Oxidation
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Ring hydroxylation: Is this reaction Phase I or Phase II? Is it Non or Microsomal? Is it Hydrolysis, Reduction, or Oxidation?
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Phase I, Microsomal, Oxidation
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N, O, or S-dealkylation: Is this reaction Phase I or Phase II? Is it Non or Microsomal? Is it Hydrolysis, Reduction, or Oxidation?
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Phase I, Microsomal, Oxidation
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Oxidative Deamination: Is this reaction Phase I or Phase II? Is it Non or Microsomal? Is it Hydrolysis, Reduction, or Oxidation?
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Phase I, Microsomal, Oxidation
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N-oxydation or N-hydroxylation: Is this reaction Phase I or Phase II? Is it Non or Microsomal? Is it Hydrolysis, Reduction, or Oxidation?
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Phase I, Microsomal, Oxidation
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Nitro group reduction: Is this reaction Phase I or Phase II? Is it Non or Microsomal? Is it Hydrolysis, Reduction, or Oxidation?
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Phase I, Microsomal, Reduction
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Azoreduction: Is this reaction Phase I or Phase II? Is it Non or Microsomal? Is it Hydrolysis, Reduction, or Oxidation?
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Phase I, Microsomal, Reduction
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Reductive dehalogenation: Is this reaction Phase I or Phase II? Is it Non or Microsomal? Is it Hydrolysis, Reduction, or Oxidation?
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Phase I, Microsomal, Reduction
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Epoxidation: Is this reaction Phase I or Phase II? Is it Non or Microsomal? Is it Hydrolysis, Reduction, or Oxidation?
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Phase I, Non-Microsomal AND Microsomal
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Name the four Phase II Reactions.
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1 Glucuronide formation 2 Acetylation 3 Sulfate conjugation 4 S,O,and N methylation
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What is the major excretion route for drugs?
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Kidneys
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How do you calculate Renal Clearance? What is the normal Glomerular Filtration Rate?
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Renal Clearance = (Urine Concentration X Urine Volume) / Plasma Concentration. Normal GFR = 125-130 mL/min
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Most drugs follow (zero/first) order kinetics.
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???
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What equation is used to calculate half-life? What equation is used to estimate amount of a drug in the body at some point after it is given?
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Half life = kt=0.693. Concentration at time t = Amount of drug at time zero/2^number of half lives that have gone by since time zero
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On dose vs. elimination scales, what happens to graphs when the dose concentration is changed?
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The graphs differ like crazy, since rate of absorption and of elimination are changed.
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On dose vs. elimination scales, what happens to graphs when the absorption amount is changed?
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Peaks slightly differ, but the curves are very similar
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On dose vs. elimination scales, what happens to graphs when the excretion amount is changed?
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The graphs show a buildup near the peak and different curves at the tail ends
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Why do we give "loading doses"?
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To establish the plateau amount more quickly (get the rate of elimination to match the rate of administration)
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How are loading doses calculated?
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Loading dose = Concentration at steady state X Volume distributed
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The time required to attain the plateau is ONLY dependent on what?
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Half-time for elimination!
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Normally, how many half-lives of a drug must pass to reach the plateau?
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4-5 half-lives
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What is APA? How do you calculate it?
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APA is Average Plateau Amount. APA = 1.5 X Amount of drug given in one half-life
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How do you calculate Dosing Interval? How do you calculate the average concentration at the Steady State?
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Dosing Interval = (1.44 X Dose in mg X half-life)/APA… Concentration at steady state = APA/Volume distributed
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Generally, dosage must be (reduced/increased) in patients with renal impairment. How do you calculate the appropriate dose for a patient with renal impairment?
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Reduced. Dose for the renally-impaired patient = (Dose for a normal patient X Half life in a normal patient)/ Half life in a renally-impaired patient
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What neurotransmitter is released at all preganglionic synapses? Postganglionic parasympathetics? Postganglionic sympathetics?
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Ach. AcH. Norepinephrine
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Generally, ganglia for parasympathetics are (close to/far) from the spinal cord. Generally, ganglia for sympathetics are (close to/far) from the spinal cord.
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Far from the spinal cord, IN the organ innervated!... Close to the spinal cord, still in the CNS
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What enzyme catalyzes the production of Ach from Choline and Acetyl CoA? What enzyme hydrolyzes AcH release from their receptors?
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Choline acetyltransferase. Acetylcholinesterase
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What two neurotransmitters stimulate muscarinic receptors? What two neurotransmitters stimulate nicotinic receptors?
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Muscarinic = Muscarine and AcH. Nicotinic = Nicotine and AcH
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Name the four places that Nicotinic receptors are found.
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1 Autonomic ganglia 2 Adrenal medulla 3 CNS 4 Skeletal muscle
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In general, what do Cholinergic Stimulants do to the body?
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increase GI/saliva, decrease heart rate, cause repeated erections…
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Name the 5 Muscarinic, Direct Stimulants.
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1 Acetylcholine 2 Pilocarpine 3 Cevimeline 4 Carbachol 5 Bethenachol
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Acetylcholine: Class of drug, use.
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Muscarinic, Direct Stimulants- topical miotic *for constricted, (seedy) beady eyes
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Pilocarpine, Cevimeline: Class of drug, use.
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Muscarinic, Direct Stimulants - to treat xerostomia *to pile on the drool
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Bethenachol, Carbachol: Class of drug, use.
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Muscarinic, Direct Stimulants - to treat urinary retention and GI paresis *Beth’s in the car and she just peed/poo-ed herself
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Why are Bethenachol and Carbachol unique?
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They are Acetylcholinesterase-resistant, so they last for a long time
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Name the 3 Muscarinic, Indirect Stimulants.
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1 Neostigmine 2 Physostigmine 3 Echothiophate
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Neostigmine: Class of drug, use.
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Muscarinic, Indirect Stimulants - to treat myasthenia gravis and neuromuscular blockade
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Physostigmine: Class of drug, use.
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Muscarinic, Indirect Stimulants - to treat atropine poisoning
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Echothiophate: Class of drug, use.
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Muscarinic, Indirect Stimulants - to treat glaucoma
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Why is Echothiophate unique?
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It is an irreversible cholinergic stimulant
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Name the 1 Nicotinic stimulant, and its use.
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Nicotine - to overcome nicotine addiction
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Why is nicotine an oddball cholinergic stimulator?
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It causes HYPERtension and convulsions instead of hypotension and calmness
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In general, what do Cholinergic Blockers do to the body?
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Prevent drowning in saliva, inhibits “voiding” of bladder and GI tract
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Name the 2 Muscarinic blockers.
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1 Atropine 2 Scopalamine
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Atropine: Class of drug, use.
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Muscarinic Blocker - to decrease secretions, stop diarrhea *also causes adverse effects: Blind as a bat, red as a beet, dry as a bone, wild as a hare *CSI! Give physostigmine if overdosed
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Scopalamine: Class of drug, use.
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Muscarinic Blocker - to prevent motion sickness and insomnia *puts you to sleep so you don’t puke on the Scope boat
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Name the 1 Nicotinic blocker, and its use.
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Mecamylamine - last resort for decreasing blood pressure, only used when aorta is about to burst! *give it to my camel with high HIGH HIGH blood pressure
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Describe how norepinephrine is made. Where is epinephrine made?
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Tyrosine > DOPA > Dopamine > Norepinephrine. Epinephrine is made in the adrenal medulla
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Describe the two mechanisms that get rid of Norepinephrine from a postganglionic fiber.
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1 Reuptake into the preganglionic neuron 2 Breakdown by MAO or COMT
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What is the normal function of Alpha-1 Receptors?
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Vasoconstriction
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What are the two normal functions of Alpha-2 Receptors?
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1. Vasoconstriction (peripherally) 2 Block norepinephrine release from the postganglionic neurons (in CNS)
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What are the two normal functions of Beta-1 receptors?
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1 Increase heart rate 2 Increase contractile force
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What is the normal function of Beta-2 receptors?
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Relax bronchial smooth muscles
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In general, what do Alpha-1 Adrenergic Stimulants do to the body?
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Increase heart rate, vasoconstrict, and dilate pupils
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Name the 1 Alpha-1 Adrenergic Stimulant, and its use.
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Phenylephrine - increases heart rate, vasoconstrict, and dilate pupils * replaced pseudoephedrine as Sudafed’s main ingredient, mmm
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In general, what do Alpha-2 Adrenergic Stimulants do to the body?
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Decrease heart rate, vasodilate, and constrict pupils (Gets you 2 relax)
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Name the 4 Alpha-2 Adrenergic Stimulants.
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1 Clonidine 2 Methyldopa 3 Guanabenz 4 Guanfacine
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Clonidine: Class of drug, use
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Alpha-2 Adrenergic Stimulant - treats hypertension
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Methyldopa: Class of drug, use
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Alpha-2 Adrenergic Stimulant - treats hypertension
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Why is methyldopa an oddball Alpha-2 Adrenergic Stimulant?
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Adrenergic receptors see it as NE, but they DON'T activate
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Guanabenz/Guanfacine: Class of drug.
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Alpha-2 Adrenergic Stimulant (centrally acting?)
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In general, what do "all alpha" adrenergic stimulants do to the body?
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Increase heart rate and contractile force, Vasoconstrict
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Name the 1 "all alpha" adrenergic stimulant, and its use in dentistry.
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Norepinephrine. Used in local anesthetics to prevent washout
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In general, what do Beta-1 Adrenergic Stimulants do to the body?
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Increase contractile force and cardiac output
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Name the 3 Beta-1 Adrenergic Stimulants.
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1 Dobutamine 2 Dopamine 3 Norepinephrine
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Dobutamine/Dopamine: Class of drug, use
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Beta-1 Adrenergic Stimulants - treat heart failure *DOH, my heart is failing, give me some Dobutamine or Dopamine
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Why is Dopamine an oddball Beta-1 Adrenergic Stimulant?
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Releases NE into the heart
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Norepinephrine: Class of drug, use
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"All alpha" AND Beta-1 Adrenergic Stimulants
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Why is Norepinephrine an oddball adrenergic drug?
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It stimulates all alpha receptors and Beta-1 receptors
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In general, what do Beta 2 Adrenergic Stimulants do to the body?
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Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle *Bet you want 2 breathe now, smokaaaa*
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Name the 3 Beta 2 Adrenergic Stimulants.
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1 Albuterol 2 Terbutaline 3 Metaproterenol
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Albuterol/Terbutaline/Metaproterenol: Class of drug, use
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Beta 2 Adrenergic Stimulants - treats bronchoconstriction due to asthma/emphysema
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In general, what do "all beta" adrenergic stimulants do to the body?
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Increases contractile force and cardiac output, Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle
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Name the 1 "all beta" adrenergic stimulant, and its use.
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Isoproterenol - to relieve bronchoconstriction *I’m So Pro at getting oxygen now
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Name the 1 "all adrenergics" stimulant.
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Epinephrine *duh
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Name the 5 indirect adrenergic stimulants.
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1 Amphetamine 2 Ephedrine 3 Cocaine 4 Tricyclic Antidepressants 5 MAOI*spews more NE
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Amphetamine: (helps release more NE/keeps NE readily available in the synapse)
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Spews more NE
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Ephedrine: (helps release more NE/keeps NE readily available in the synapse)
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Spews more NE
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Cocaine: (helps release more NE/keeps NE readily available in the synapse)
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Keeps NE in the synapse
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Tricyclic Antidepressants (helps release more NE/keeps NE readily available in the synapse)
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Keeps NE in the synapse
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MAOI: (helps release more NE/keeps NE readily available in the synapse)
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Keeps NE in the synapse
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In general, what do Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blockers do to the body?
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Decrease heart rate, vasodilate, constricts pupils
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Name the 2 Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blockers.
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1 Prazosin 2 Terazocin
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Prazosin/Terazocin: Class of drug, use
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Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blockers - treat hypertension *To block someone from eating A1 Steak Sauce is a Sin
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Why is Prazosin a unique Alpha-1 Adrenergic blocker?
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It has a First-Dose phenomenon, where you get lightheaded at first dose
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In general, what do “All Alpha” Adrenergic Receptor Blockers do to the body?
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Decrease heart rate, vasodilate, constricts pupils, bind to norepinephrine receptors
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Name the 2 “All Alpha” Adrenergic Receptor Blockers.
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1 Phenoxybenzamine 2 Phentolamine
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Phenoxybenzamine/Phentolamine: Class of drug.
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“All Alpha” Adrenergic Receptor Blockers
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In general, what do Beta-1 Adrenergic Blockers do to the body?
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Prevent bronchoconstriction
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Metoprolol/Acebutolol/Atenolol/Esmolol: Class of drug, use
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Beta-1 Adrenergic Blockers - treat hypertension or angina pectoris
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In general, what do “All Beta” Adrenergic Receptor Blockers do to the body?
|
Decrease heart rate and contractile force, too much will cause bronchoconstriction and death *OLOLs
|
|
|
Propranolol : Class of drug, use
|
“All Beta” Adrenergic Receptor Blockers - treat hypertension
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|
Why is propranolol an oddball “All Beta” Adrenergic Receptor Blocker?
|
It increases insulin release and can cause hypoglycemia
|
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Timolol: Class of drug, use
|
“All Beta” Adrenergic Receptor Blockers - treat hypertension or angina pectoris
|
|
|
Why is Timolol an oddball “All Beta” Adrenergic Receptor Blocker?
|
It decreases IOP and treats glaucoma (but I'd rather have medicinal marijuana!)
|
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Carteolol/Pindolol/Penbutolol: Class of drug, use
|
“All Beta” Adrenergic Receptor Blockers - treat hypertension
|
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|
Why should you use Carteolol/Pindolol/Penbutolol instead of other “All Beta” Adrenergic Receptor Blockers?
|
They're both beta blockers AND stimulators, so there's less bradycardia
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In general, what do “ALL Adrenergic” Receptor Blockers do to the body?
|
Decrease heart rate, Vasodilates
|
|
|
Name the 1 “ALL Adrenergic” Receptor Blocker.
|
Labetalol
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|
In general, what do indirect adrenergic receptor blockers do to the body?
|
These throw out all the Norepinephrine from storage vesicles
|
|
|
Name the 2 indirect adrenergic receptor blockers.
|
1 Reserpine 2 Bretylium
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|
Reserpine: Class of drug, use, mechanism
|
indirect adrenergic receptor blockers - treats hypertension - *can’t store NE in vesicles, causes depression (no EPI, how sad)
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|
Bretylium: Class of drug, use, mechanism
|
indirect adrenergic receptor blockers - treats hypertension and arrhythmias *NE stored in vesicles is depleted (who stole all my EPI?!)
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|
Name the three locations that have H1 receptors.
|
1 Bronchi/Bronchioles 2 Arterioles 3 Ileum (all have smooth muscle)
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|
In general, what does an H1 blocker do to the body?
|
Prevent normal histamine rxn
|
|
|
Name the three locations that have H2 receptors.
|
SAM 1 Stomach 2 Arterioles 3 Mast Cells
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|
|
If histamine reaches the endothelial cells of the stomach, what will the stomach do?
|
Release acid
|
|
|
Diphenhydramine/Dimenhydrinate
|
H1 Blocker (1st generation) *Prevent normal histamine reaction
|
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|
Promethazine /Chlorpheniramine /Cyproheptadine/Meclizine: Class of Drug, use
|
H1 Blocker (1st generation) haha, tricked you, didn't put Allegra/Benadryl on this list! *Prevent normal histamine reaction
|
|
|
Fexofenadine/Loratadine
|
H1 Blocker (2nd generation) *Prevent normal histamine reaction
|
|
|
Epinephrine/Aminophylline/Corticosteroids: Class of Drug. use
|
H1 Blocker *Severe allergic reactions
|
|
|
Name three things that CANNOT be "cured" with H1 blockers.
|
1 Asthma 2 Bronchoconstriction 3 Edema due to dental procedures
|
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|
In general, what does an H2 blocker do to the body?
|
Decrease gastric acid secretion, constrict arterioles, prevents degranulation of mast cells
|
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|
Cimetidine, Ranitidine, Famotidine, Nizatidine: Class of Drug, use
|
H2 blocker, decrease secretion of gastric acid *SAM can't drive his H2 into the TIde and DINE
|
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|
In general, what do Serotonin enhancers do to the body?
|
Elevate the mood, increase GI motility, vasoconstrict/dilate, increase sensitivity of pain receptors *I'm so happy I just poo-ed myself, but I'm crying because you poked me and I'm sensitive :(
|
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|
Tryptophane/SSRIs/MAOIs: Class of drug, use.
|
Serotonin enhancers, treat depression
|
|
|
Reserpine/Cyproheptadine: Class of drug, use.
|
Serotonin blockers, treat HBP *I got a little too happy and by heart is racing
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|
What kind of molecule is Angiotensin II?
|
Peptide
|
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|
Describe the mechanism that converts angiotensinogen to Angiotensin II.
|
Angiotensin in the liver combines with Renin from the kidney --> Angiotensin I, which is converted in the lung by ACE --> Angiotensin II
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|
In general, what do ACE inhibitors do to the body?
|
Lower BP, Increase secretion of aldosterone
|
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|
Captopril, Enalapril, Lisinopril, Ramipril, Benazepril: Class of Drug, use
|
ACE Inhibitors - Lower BP, increase secretion of aldosterone *ACE the class in aPRIL
|
|
|
In general, what do AT1 blockers do to the body?
|
Lower BP, Increase secretion of aldosterone
|
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|
Losartan, Valsartan, Irbesartan: Class of Drug, use
|
AT 1 blockers - Lower BP, Increase secretion of aldosterone *we had dR. TAN's class AT 1 PM
|
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|
In general, what do Prostaglandin enhancers do to the body?
|
Increase muscular constriction, mediate inflammation
|
|
|
Alprostadil: Class of Drug, use.
|
Prostaglandin enhancer - Treat male impotence
|
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|
Misoprostol: Class of Drug, use.
|
Prostaglandin enhancer - Decrease gastric damage due to NSAIDs
|
|
|
Latanoprost: Class of Drug, use.
|
Prostaglandin enhancer - Treat glaucoma
|
|
|
PGE2 and PGF Alpha: Class of Drug, use.
|
Prostaglandin enhancer - Induce labor
|
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|
In general, what does a non-depolarizing skeletal muscle relaxant do to the body?
|
Acts as a competitive inhibitor by binding to nicotinic receptors to prevent depolarization, releases histamine, paralyzes the respiratory system
|
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|
Name the drug that is given to counteract a non-depolarizing skeletal muscle relaxant.
|
Neostigmine
|
|
|
Pancuronium: Class of drug, length of duration, and use.
|
Non-depolarizing/Competitive skeletal muscle relaxant - lasts for 60 minutes - used to relax muscles for surgery, electroshock, tetanus treatment
|
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|
Vecuronium: Class of drug, length of duration, and use.
|
Non-depolarizing/Competitive skeletal muscle relaxant - lasts for 45 minutes - used to relax muscles for surgery, electroshock, tetanus treatment
|
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|
Atracurium: Class of drug, length of duration, and use.
|
Non-depolarizing/Competitive skeletal muscle relaxant - lasts for 30 minutes - used to relax muscles for surgery, electroshock, tetanus treatment
|
|
|
In general, what does a depolarizing skeletal muscle relaxant do to the body?
|
Depolarizes the motor end plate, just like achetylcholine, so it prevents acetylcholine from stimulating *causes initial contraction, then relaxation and no response to acetylcholine
|
|
|
Succinylcholine: Class of drug, use.
|
Depolarizing/Non-competitive skeletal muscle relaxant - relax muscles for surgery *SUCCinylcholine gets STUCK to acetylcholine receptors
|
|
|
Can succinylcholine be reversed by neostigmine?
|
NOT initially, but after it biotransforms to succinylmonocholine, which is like pancuronium, it can be reversed by neostigmine
|
|
|
In general, what does a Centrally-acting skeletal muscle relaxant do to the body?
|
Blocks polysynaptic pathways *anti-anxiety, to relax emotions
|
|
|
Cyclobenzaprine: Class of drug, use.
|
Centrally-acting skeletal muscle relaxant - anti-anxiety, to relax emotions *The CENTER for RELAXATION is handing out DIAZEPAM, putting on a show at the ORPHEUM, and CHARISmatically selling motorCYCLES by Mercedes-BENZ
|
|
|
Carisoprodol: Class of drug, use.
|
Centrally-acting skeletal muscle relaxant - anti-anxiety, to relax emotions *The CENTER for RELAXATION is handing out DIAZEPAM, putting on a show at the ORPHEUM, and CHARISmatically selling motorCYCLES by Mercedes-BENZ
|
|
|
Orphenadrine: Class of drug, use.
|
Centrally-acting skeletal muscle relaxant - anti-anxiety, to relax emotions *The CENTER for RELAXATION is handing out DIAZEPAM, putting on a show at the ORPHEUM, and CHARISmatically selling motorCYCLES by Mercedes-BENZ
|
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|
Diazepam: Class of drug, use.
|
Centrally-acting skeletal muscle relaxant - anti-anxiety, to relax emotions *The CENTER for RELAXATION is handing out DIAZEPAM, putting on a show at the ORPHEUM, and CHARISmatically selling motorCYCLES by Mercedes-BENZ
|
|
|
In general, what does an intracellular skeletal muscle relaxant do to the body?
|
Prevents calcium release from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, so no depolarization occurs *used for spastic disorders and malignant hyperthermia
|
|
|
Dantrolene: Class of drug, use.
|
Intracellular skeletal muscle relaxant - Prevents calcium release from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, so no depolarization occurs *DAN the SPAZ needs less calcium release
|
|
|
D2 blockers and Serotonin-Dopamine antagonists are also known as what type of drugs?
|
Antipsychotics
|
|
|
In general, what do D2 blockers do to the body?
|
block dopamine receptors, diminishing psychosis, calming, can be used as antihistamines or thermostat
|
|
|
Seizures, increase muscle tone, bad thermostat, block cholinergic AND adrenergic, cause anxiety, have extrapyramidal effects are all adverse affects of what class of drug?
|
Antipsychotics (D2 blockers or SDAs)
|
|
|
Chlorpromazine: Class of drug, use.
|
D2 blockers - block dopamine receptors, diminishing psychosis, calming, can be used as antihistamines or thermostat *The D2 class is super calm from the Haloperidol, reading magaZINES, watching Priscilla THIO do TRIX, and eating LOX at PINE Springs Ranch
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|
Thioridazine: Class of drug, use
|
D2 blockers - block dopamine receptors, diminishing psychosis, calming, can be used as antihistamines or thermostat *The D2 class is super calm from the Haloperidol, reading magaZINES, watching Priscilla THIO do TRIX, and eating LOX at PINE Springs Ranch
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|
Trifluoperazine: Class of drug, use
|
D2 blockers - block dopamine receptors, diminishing psychosis, calming, can be used as antihistamines or thermostat *The D2 class is super calm from the Haloperidol, reading magaZINES, watching Priscilla THIO do TRIX, and eating LOX at PINE Springs Ranch
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|
|
Prochlorperazine: Class of drug, use
|
D2 blockers - block dopamine receptors, diminishing psychosis, calming, can be used as antihistamines or thermostat *The D2 class is super calm from the Haloperidol, reading magaZINES, watching Priscilla THIO do TRIX, and eating LOX at PINE Springs Ranch
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|
|
Haloperidol: Class of drug, use
|
D2 blockers - block dopamine receptors, diminishing psychosis, calming, can be used as antihistamines or thermostat *The D2 class is super calm from the Haloperidol, reading magaZINES, watching Priscilla THIO do TRIX, and eating LOX at PINE Springs Ranch
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|
|
Thiothixene: Class of drug, use
|
D2 blockers - block dopamine receptors, diminishing psychosis, calming, can be used as antihistamines or thermostat *The D2 class is super calm from the Haloperidol, reading magaZINES, watching Priscilla THIO do TRIX, and eating LOX at PINE Springs Ranch
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|
|
Loxapine: Class of drug, use
|
D2 blockers - block dopamine receptors, diminishing psychosis, calming, can be used as antihistamines or thermostat *The D2 class is super calm from the Haloperidol, reading magaZINES, watching Priscilla THIO do TRIX, and eating LOX at PINE Springs Ranch
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|
|
In general, what do SDAs do to the body?
|
Serotonin-Dopamine Antagonists - block serotonin AND dopamine receptors, diminishing psychosis, calming, can be used as antihistamines or thermostat
|
|
|
Risperidone: Class of drug, use.
|
SDA - block serotonin AND dopamine receptors, diminishing psychosis, calming, can be used as antihistamines or thermostat *SDAs QUiETly whISPER “OLANZA!” when they are locked in the CLOSET and PINE for their #2,3,4, and 5 personalities
|
|
|
Olanzapine: Class of drug, use.
|
SDA - block serotonin AND dopamine receptors, diminishing psychosis, calming, can be used as antihistamines or thermostat *SDAs QUiETly whISPER “OLANZA!” when they are locked in the CLOSET and PINE for their #2,3,4, and 5 personalities
|
|
|
Quetiapine: Class of drug, use.
|
SDA - block serotonin AND dopamine receptors, diminishing psychosis, calming, can be used as antihistamines or thermostat *SDAs QUiETly whISPER “OLANZA!” when they are locked in the CLOSET and PINE for their #2,3,4, and 5 personalities
|
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|
Clozapine: Class of drug, use.
|
SDA - block serotonin AND dopamine receptors, diminishing psychosis, calming, can be used as antihistamines or thermostat *SDAs QUiETly whISPER “OLANZA!” when they are locked in the CLOSET and PINE for their #2,3,4, and 5 personalities
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|
What class of CNS stimulants are Methylxanthines, Amphetamines, and two drugs that are neither methylxanthines and amphetamines?
|
Cortical stimulants
|
|
|
In general, what do cortical stimulants do the body?
|
Result in wakefulness
|
|
|
In general, what do methylxanthines do to the body?
|
Elevate mood, stimulate skeletal muscle, bronchodilate, diuretic, cardiac stimulation
|
|
|
Caffeine: Class of drug, use.
|
Cortical stimulant (Methylxanthine) - *strongest at elevating mood, stimulating skeletal muscle, wakefulness
|
|
|
Theophylline: Class of drug, use.
|
Cortical stimulant (Methylxanthine)- *strongest at bronchodilating, diuresis, and cardiac stimulation
|
|
|
Theobromine: Class of drug, use.
|
Cortical stimulant (Methylxanthine) - Elevate mood, stimulate skeletal muscle, bronchodilate, diuretic, cardiac stimulation
|
|
|
In general, what do Amphetamines do to the body?
|
Postpone sleep, stimulates Alpha 1 and NE receptors causing hypertension, suppress appetite for days or weeks, can treat narcolepsy, ADD, and emotional depression
|
|
|
D,l amphetamine: Class of drug, use.
|
Cortical stimulant (amphetamine) - treats ADD *ADderaL!!
|
|
|
D-amphetamine: Class of drug.
|
Cortical stimulant (amphetamine) - Dexedrine
|
|
|
D-methamphetamine: Class of drug.
|
Cortical stimulant (amphetamine) *speedball/meth *has strong postictal depression
|
|
|
What cortical stimulant has a particularly strong postictal depression?
|
D-methamphetamine *speedball/meth
|
|
|
Methylphenidate: Class of drug, use.
|
Cortical stimulant (NON methylxanthine or amphetamine) - used to treat ADD/ADHD *Ritalin
|
|
|
Cocaine: Class of drug, use, two side effects.
|
Cortical stimulant (NON methylxanthine or amphetamine) - local anesthetic - Causes convulsions and perforation of the nasal septum *I’m on crack! I’m on crack! I’m convulsing and my septum is cracked! I’m on crack!
|
|
|
Name the drug that is unlike any other stimulant and is in a new, unnamed class.
|
Modafinil
|
|
|
Modafinil: Use.
|
Unlike any other stimulants, prevents drowsiness from sleep apnea and work shift sleep disorder *No Mo’ Daffodil dreams
|
|
|
In general, what do medullary stimulants do to the body?
|
Restore breathing in cases of drug overdose
|
|
|
Doxapram: Class of drug, use.
|
Medullary stimulant - Restore breathing in cases of drug overdose *MEDULLA DOCKS her PRAM to restore breathing
|
|
|
In general, what do Spinal cord stimulants do to the body?
|
Block inhibitory neurons, causing conscious contraction of back muscles/respiratory paralysis, resulting in tearing the patient apart
|
|
|
Name two drugs that counteract the effects of spinal cord stimulants like Strychnine.
|
1 Pancuronium 2 Diazepam
|
|
|
Strychnine: Class of drug, use.
|
Spinal cord stimulant - rat poison. Block inhibitory neurons, causing conscious contraction of back muscles/respiratory paralysis, resulting in tearing the patient apart. *My house is no longer STRICKen with any convulsing, non-breathing, bleeding RATS!!!
|
|
|
What class of CNS stimulants are Tricyclic acids, SSRIs, Alpha-2 Blockers, and MAOIs?
|
Antidepressants
|
|
|
In general, what do Tricyclic and "Atypical" antidepressants do to the body?
|
Elevate mood, block cholinergics, blocks alpha receptors to produce orthostatic hypotension
|
|
|
Imipramine: Class of drug, use.
|
Tricyclic Antidepressant - Elevate mood, block cholinergics, orthostatic hypotension *Taking a TRICYCLE, DESI the IMP and AMY took a TRIP to send A FAX to their NEPhew BUPRO.
|
|
|
Desipramine: Class of drug, use.
|
Tricyclic Antidepressant - Elevate mood, block cholinergics, orthostatic hypotension *Taking a TRICYCLE, DESI the IMP and AMY took a TRIP to send A FAX to their NEPhew BUPRO.
|
|
|
Amitriptiline: Class of drug, use.
|
Tricyclic Antidepressant - Elevate mood, block cholinergics, orthostatic hypotension *Taking a TRICYCLE, DESI the IMP and AMY took a TRIP to send A FAX to their NEPhew BUPRO.
|
|
|
Venlafaxine: Class of drug, use.
|
Tricyclic Antidepressant - Elevate mood, block cholinergics, orthostatic hypotension *Taking a TRICYCLE, DESI the IMP and AMY took a TRIP to send A FAX to their NEPhew BUPRO.
|
|
|
Bupropion: Class of drug, use.
|
Tricyclic Antidepressant - Elevate mood, block cholinergics, orthostatic hypotension *Wellbutrin *Taking a TRICYCLE, DESI the IMP and AMY took a TRIP to send A FAX to their NEPhew BUPRO.
|
|
|
Nefazodone: Class of drug, use.
|
Tricyclic Antidepressant - Elevate mood, block cholinergics, orthostatic hypotension *Taking a TRICYCLE, DESI the IMP and AMY took a TRIP to send A FAX to their NEPhew BUPRO.
|
|
|
In general, what do SSRIs do to the body?
|
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
|
|
|
Fluoxetine: Class of drug, use.
|
SSRI - elevate mood *Prozac *Yes, SSRIe, we are SERTainly going to PARTY and have FLUids because we’re happy now
|
|
|
Paroxetine: Class of drug, use.
|
SSRI - elevate mood *Paxil *Yes, SSRIe, we are SERTainly going to PARTY and have FLUids because we’re happy now
|
|
|
Sertraline: Class of drug, use.
|
SSRI - elevate mood *Zoloft *Yes, SSRIe, we are SERTainly going to PARTY and have FLUids because we’re happy now
|
|
|
Name the only Alpha-2 blocker antidepressant.
|
Mirtazapine *MERT is HURT, give her some Mirtazapine
|
|
|
In general, what do MAOIs do to the body?
|
Non-selective, prevents breakdown of norepinephrine and dopamine, elevates mood and causes orthostatic hypotension
|
|
|
Name the four types of drugs that MAOIs interact with.
|
1 Central depressants 2 Anticholinergics 3 Antidepressants 4 Foods with tyramine in it
|
|
|
Isocarboxazid: Class of drug, use.
|
MAOI - prevent breakdown of norepinephrine and dopamine *I SOld the CAR for a BOX of PHENEL (Fennel) magaZINEs, but I got to keep the TRANnY!
|
|
|
Phenelzine: Class of drug, use.
|
MAOI - prevent breakdown of norepinephrine and dopamine *I SOld the CAR for a BOX of PHENEL (Fennel) magaZINEs, but I got to keep the TRANnY!
|
|
|
Tranylcypromine: Class of drug, use.
|
MAOI - prevent breakdown of norepinephrine and dopamine *I SOld the CAR for a BOX of PHENEL (Fennel) magaZINEs, but I got to keep the TRANnY!
|
|
|
In general, what do Bipolar drugs do the body?
|
Even out the mood and prevent crazy mood swings
|
|
|
Lithium: class of drug, use.
|
Bipolar drug - even out the mood
|
|
|
Carbamazepine: class of drug, use.
|
Bipolar drug - even out the mood
|
|
|
Valproic acid: class of drug, use.
|
Bipolar drug - even out the mood
|
