Pharmacology Review Test 2

Front 1

What Is GERD?

Back 1

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Front 2

What are the symptoms of GERD?

Back 2

Difficulty swallowing
Dry cough
Bad breath
Bloated stomach
Rumbling noise in stomach
Belching or burping
Respiratory problems
Hoarseness

Front 3

What are risk factors for GERD?

Back 3

Foods (spicy, citrus)
Lifestyle

Body position
Pregnancy
Obesity
Prescriptions and OTC meds

Front 4

Medications that can cause GERD?

Back 4

Benzos, opiods, calcium channel blockers, anticholinergics, antidepressants, bisphosphonates, NSAIDS

Front 5

GERD medications/medications to treat it?

Back 5

H2 antagonists
PPI's
prostaglandins
Antacids
mucosal protectants

Front 6

Main GERD warning label?

Back 6

Do NOT drink
Do NOT crush
take on an empty stomach

Front 7

What is PUD?

Back 7

Peptic ulcer disease

Front 8

What causes PUD?

Back 8

#1 cause of PUD is H. pylori
family history
Age > 50 years
Medications (salicylates, NSAIDs, corticosteroids)

Front 9

What is IBS?

Back 9

irritable bowel syndrome

Front 10

Main symptoms of IBS?

Back 10

Abdominal pain, diarrhea, cramping, Erratic bowel movements, Abdominal pain relieved by
having a bowel movement, Bloating, Constipation

Front 11

Medications to treat?

Back 11

serotonin receptor antagonist (5-HT3), prostaglandin E1 derivative,
antidiarrheal, laxative, fiber supplement, or anticholinergic.

Front 12

What is ulcerative colitis?

Back 12

several irritable bowel diseases that produce inflammation and damage
to the colon. Ultimately, ulcers (or sores) form in the lining of the colon and rectum.

Front 13

What are the symptoms of ulcerative colitis?

Back 13

inflammation in the upper layers of the lining of the small intestine and colon.

*limited to small intestine and colon

Front 14

Medications used to treat it?

Back 14

Aminosalicylates

"Salazines" olsalazine, sulfasalazine*, mesalazine, 5-aminosalicylic acid [5-ASA])

Front 15

Mechanism of action of AMINOSALICYLATES?

Back 15

reduce inflammation, bacteria in the colon matabolize the drug and release the active matabolite (5-ASA)

Front 16

What is Crohn's disease?

Back 16

Inflammation of the entire GI tract.

Front 17

What are the symptoms of Crohn's disease?

Back 17

Abdominal pain
Diarrhea
Cramping
Rectal bleeding
Anemia
Weight loss, loss of appetite
Loss of vitamins and minerals
Skin lesions
Joint pain (arthritis)
Decreased growth in children
Fever

Front 18

What medications are used to treat Crohn's disease?

Back 18

IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS

IMMUNOMODULATORS

Front 19

How are fistulas treated?

Back 19

Anti-infectives prescribed to treat fistulas include ampicillin, sulfonamides, cephalosporins, tetracycline, or metronidazole

Front 20

Medications used to treat constipation?

Back 20

Equalactin, Prodiem Bulk Fiber Therapy

Front 21

Medications for diarrhea?

Back 21

Lomotil, Imodium,

Front 22

What is BPH?

Back 22

benign prostatic hyperplasia

Front 23

What are the symptoms?

Back 23

weak or slow stream of urine
delayed start in the flow of urine or straining to urinate.
Frequent urination
Urinary urgency
nocturia
incomplete bladder emptying

Front 24

BPH risk factors?

Back 24

gender and age

Front 25

2 classes of drugs used?

Back 25

Alpha 1 blockers
(alfu"zosin")
5 alpha reductase inhibitors
"steride" (Finasteride and dutasteride)

Front 26

Mechanism of action?

Back 26

Alpha 1 blockers - relax prostate and bladder smooth muscle, which reduces urethral resistance
and improves the flow of urine.

Front 27

Mechanism of action?

Back 27

5 alpha reductase inhibitors - Excess growth of prostate tissue in BPH is associated with testosterone levels. High levels result in
growth, whereas deprivation results in a reduction in glandular size. Finasteride and dutasteride are
5α-reductase inhibitors and reduce testosterone levels.

Front 28

Time frame shown to achieve therapeutic effect?

Back 28

5 alpha reductase inhibitors - 6 to 12 months

Front 29

Alpha 1 blockers

Back 29

Urine flow rates are usually improved within the first 2 weeks of therapy.

Front 30

ED

Back 30

erectile dysfunction

Front 31

ED risk factors?

Back 31

physiological, age
psychological
neurological
endocrinological (hormones)
disease
depression
lifestyle factors

Front 32

2 medication classes and examples?

Back 32

Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
Prostaglandins

Front 33

Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

Back 33

sildenafil, Viagra
tadalafil, Cialis
vardenafil, Levitra

Front 34

Prostaglandins

Back 34

Caverject, Muse, Prostin VRα

Front 35

Mechanism of action?

Back 35

Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors - They relax smooth muscle and blood vessels that supply the corpus
cavernosum and control penile engorgement

Front 36

Mechanism of action?

Back 36

Prostaglandins - mobilizes intracellular calcium in the corpus cavernosum, resulting in smooth muscle contraction;
however, in the endothelium, PGE1 mediates the release of nitric oxide, which relaxes cavernosal
smooth muscle, causing an erection.

Front 37

Main adverse reactions?

Back 37

PDE5 inhibitors are involved in numerous drug interactions. A life-threatening drop in blood pressure
has occurred in men who have taken nitrates such as nitroglycerin (for angina), so the use of
nitrates, in all dosage forms, is contraindicated while taking PDE5 inhibitors.

Front 38

Main drug interactions?

Back 38

nitroglycerin

Front 39

Electrolytes, main cations and anions?

Back 39

Anions

Bicarbonate (HCO3−)
Chloride (Cl−)

Phosphate (PO4−)

Sulfate (SO4−2)

Front 40

Cations

Back 40

Cations Calcium (Ca2+)
Magnesium (Mg2+)
Potassium (K+)
Sodium (Na+)

Front 41

Unit of measure for electrolytes?

Back 41

mEq/Liter

Front 42

Sodium Na

Back 42

Sodium (Na) Major positive ion (cation) in fluid outside of cells

Regulates the total amount of water in the body and transmission of sodium into and out of individual cells; plays a role in critical body functions
Brain, nervous system, and muscles require electrical signals for communication; the
movement of sodium is critical in generation of these electrical signals

Front 43

Potassium (K)

Back 43

Major positive ion (cation) found inside of cells
Proper level essential for normal cell function
Responsible for regulation of heartbeat and muscle function

Front 44

Magnesium (Mg)

Back 44

50% of total body magnesium found in bone, 50% found predominantly inside cells of body
tissues and organs
Maintains normal muscle and nerve function, keeps heart rhythm steady, supports a healthy
immune system, keeps bones strong
Magnesium also helps regulate blood sugar levels, promotes normal blood pressure, and
known to be involved in energy metabolism and protein synthesis

Front 45

Calcium (Ca)

Back 45

Most abundant mineral in body
Basic structural building block of bones and teeth
Essential for maintenance of normal heartbeat, functioning of nerve and muscles
Plays a role in metabolism, blood coagulationMost abundant mineral in body
Basic structural building block of bones and teeth
Essential for maintenance of normal heartbeat, functioning of nerve and muscles
Plays a role in metabolism, blood coagulation

Front 46

Phosphorus (P)

Back 46

Builds and repairs bones and teeth
Helps nerves function, makes muscles contract
Most (≈85%) of phosphorus contained in phosphate is found in bones; the rest is stored in
tissues throughout the body

Front 47

Chloride (Cl)

Back 47

Major anion (negatively charged ion) found in the fluid outside of cells and in the blood
Plays a role in helping the body maintain a normal fluidbalance

Front 48

Bicarbonate (HCO3)

Back 48

Acts as a buffer to maintain normal levels of acidity (pH) in blood and other body fluids
Levels are measured to monitor acidity of blood and body fluids
Chemical notation on most laboratory reports is shown as HCO3
− or concentration of carbon
dioxide (CO2)

Front 49

Sulfur (S)

Back 49

Component of amino acids
Major source of sulfates is degradation of sulfur-containing amino acids

Front 50

Edema

Back 50

abnormally
large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body.

Treatment
Treat underlying disease.
Decrease sodium and water intake.
Administer loop diuretics

Front 51

Hyponatremia

Back 51

Hyponatremia is a condition in which the serum sodium concentration falls below the normal
range

Treatment - salt tabs or saline solution 3% sodium, water restriction

Front 52

Hypernatremia

Back 52

is elevation of the serum sodium concentration

Treatment - administer hypotonic solution such as 0.45% NaCl

Front 53

Hypokalemia

Back 53

condition in which potassium is lost from the body

Treatment - potassium supplements such as K-lyte/cl

Front 54

Hyperkalemia

Back 54

potassium level is too high

treatment - Restrict dietary intake of potassium in mild cases.
Emergency intravenous administration of calcium gluconate may be required to correct
cardiac symptoms.
Administer a cation exchange resin (e.g., sodium polystyrene sulfonate) to exchange sodium
and hydrogen ions for potassium ions in the large intestine and eliminate the potassium
resin in feces.
Dialysis to remove the excess potassium can be instituted to correct severe hyperkalemia

Front 55

Hypochloremia

Back 55

Excessive loss of chloride

Front 56

Hyperchloremia

Back 56

Elevations in chloride

Front 57

Hypocalcemia

Back 57

low levels of calcium

Front 58

Hypercalcemia

Back 58

high levels of calcium

Front 59

Hypomagnesemia

Back 59

low levels of magnesium

Front 60

Hypermagnesemia

Back 60

high levels of magnesium

treatment - magnesium sulfate

Front 61

Hypophosphatemia

Back 61

low levels of phosphorus

Front 62

Treatment of electrolyte imbalances

Back 62

ntervenous fluids

electrolyte replacement

diet changes

restriction of water

fluid replacement

Front 63

Dehydration causes?

Back 63

vomiting

diarrhea

fever

weakness

dizziness

low urine output

poor skin turgor

Front 64

Dehydration treatment?

Back 64

Rehydration therapy, oral electrolyte solution, intravenous fluids with added electrolytes such as 0.9% sodium chloride or normal saline 0.9%

Front 65

Edema causes?

Back 65

Retention of electrolytes (especially Na+) in the extracellular fluid.
An increase in capillary blood pressure. The general venous congestion of heart failure is the most
common cause of widespread edema.
A decrease in the concentration of plasma proteins normally retained in the blood. This can be
caused by burns, infection, or shock.

Front 66

Edema treatment?

Back 66

Treat underlying disease.
Decrease sodium and water intake.
Administer loop diuretics

Front 67

Types of contraception?

Back 67

Behavioral
Hormonal
Mechanical barriers
Spermicidal

Front 68

Most widely used method?

Back 68

An intrauterine device (IUD) is a contraceptive device that is placed in the uterus and is the world’s
most widely used reversible birth control method.

Front 69

How do most hormonal contraceptives work?

Back 69

initiating negative feedback
inhibition of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion.

Front 70

when is plan "B" most effective?

Back 70

most effective if used within 72 hours after
unprotected sexual intercourse.

Front 71

PMS/PMDD
Main symptoms?

Back 71

Symptoms include
PMS - headache, irritability fatigue, nervousness, weight gain, sleep changes, depression, and other problems
that are distressing enough to limit activity and affect personal relationships.

premenstrual dysphoric disorder - more pronounced
features of PMS

Front 72

Which antidepressants are used for PMDD?

Back 72

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

Front 73

Infertility, list class of drugs used for treatment?

Back 73

Antiestrogens
Gonadotropins

Front 74

Mechanism of action - Menopur

Back 74

Menopur®, administered for 7 to 20 days, produces ovarian follicular growth and maturation in

Front 75

Mechanism of action - Clomid

Back 75

Clomiphene is an antiestrogen agent that competes with estrogen for estrogen-receptor binding sites.
By blocking estrogen, it acts as an ovulatory stimulant.

Front 76

how is HYPOGONADISM/delayed puberty treated?

Back 76

administration of synthetic LH, estrogens, and androgens.

Front 77

Thyroid disease, What is it?

Back 77

overactivity or underactivity of the thyroid gland

Front 78

Thyroid disease risk factors?

Back 78

Gender

Disease (diabetes and glycogen storage disease)
Age

Pregnancy

Smoking

Front 79

Two thyroid hormones?

Back 79

T3 & T4

Front 80

Treatment of Hyperthyroidism

Back 80

adioactive iodine,
or surgery.

Front 81

Treatment of Hypothyroidism?

Back 81

Thyroid replacement therapy

Front 82

RADIOACTIVE IODINE

Back 82

Mechanism of action - It is selectively taken up by the thyroid gland, where it causes
glandular destruction while minimizing damage to other tissues.

ADR - The most common side
effect is temporary inflammation of the salivary glands.

Drug interactions -contraindicated in pregnant women

Front 83

THIOAMIDES

Back 83

Mechanism of action - methimazole block the synthesis of T4 and T3.
ADR - may cause nausea or vomiting, muscle aches and
pains, and/or minor rash or itching. Side effects requiring medical attention include fever accompanied
by sore throat and hoarseness, goiter, severe redness or itching, hepatitis, arthritis, unusual
bleeding, bruising, and red spots. dangerous decrease in
the number of white blood cells

Front 84

methimazole

Back 84

Mechanism of action - block the synthesis of T4 and T3.

Front 85

4 types of diabetes?

Back 85

Prediabetes,

type 1 diabetes,

type 2 diabetes,

and gestational diabetes

Front 86

Treatments for diabetes?

Back 86

Sulfonylureas (oral hypoglycemic agents) Sulfonylureas primarily stimulate insulin release from pancreatic beta cells.

Front 87

Biguanides

Back 87

Metformin acts to control fasting blood glucose.

Front 88

Metformin

Back 88

Metformin improves glucose tolerance and insulin resistance by increasing peripheral glucose uptake
and utilization in skeletal muscles and adipose tissue. It increases glucose transport across cell membranes.
Metformin also lowers postprandial plasma glucose levels, decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis
(new glucose) production, and decreases intestinal absorption of glucose.

Front 89

Insulin
Incretin mimetic

Back 89

Sulfonylureas
Biguanides
α-Glucosidase Inhibitors
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors
Meglitinides
Thiazolidinediones
Combinations
Glucagon-Like Peptide Receptor Agonist
Dopamine Agonist