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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three key factors that comprise a safe and effective anthelmintic?
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1) Targets a receptor on the parasite
2) Receptor is unique to the parasite -OR- 3) Parasite receptor is more sensitive to drug than host |
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What are the seven major chemical groupings for anthelmintics?
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- Benzimidazoles
- Avermectins - Imidazothiazoles - Tetrahydropyrimidines - Cyclo-depsipeptide - Salicylanilides - Organophosphates |
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What type of anthelmintic are the Benzimidazoles? Give a few examples.
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Broad Spectrum
- Thiabendazole - Albendazole - Fenbendazole - Flubendazole |
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Benzimidazoles
- Type of drug - Pharmacokinetics * Solubility * Absorption * Metabolism * Residual period |
Broad Spectrum anthelmintic
- Insoluble in water (white drench) - Poorly absorbed in GI - Better with food or given into the rumen (as a bolus) - Metabolism is variable, but most of excreted in feces, some in urine. - Do not use in lactating animals. Long withdrawal due to tissue residues. |
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What makes Albendazole & Oxfendazole unique from other Benzimidazoles?
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They have a higher bioavailablity (better absorption) in the GI.
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What type of drugs are Albendazole and Fenbendaole? How are they metabolised & excreted?
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Broad Spectrum Anthelmintics - Benzimidazoles
- Albendazole metabolised to sulfoxide & sulfone -> excreted in urine - Fenbendazole metabolised to Oxfendazole (active metabolite) |
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Benzimidazoles
- Pharmacodynamics * Action on parasite * Specificity for parasite * Critical points |
- Drug bind to nematode tubulin to prevent formation of microtubles (protein synth, mitosis)
- lower affinity for mammalian tubulin - Duration of exposure!!! * Ruminants - bolus * Monogastrics - daily dosing |
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Benzimidazoles
- Spectrum of activity for Ruminants * Parasite sp. & stage |
Ruminants
- GI nematodes - Adult & Larval - Lungworms - metabolically active larva (challenge w/ Ostertagia) |
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Benzimidazoles
- Spectrum of activity for Pigs * Parasite sp. & stage |
Pigs
- GI roundworms - Lungworms |
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Benzimidazoles
- Spectrum of activity for Dog & Cat * Parasite sp. & stage |
- GI roundworms
- Transplacental roundworms (dogs) - Lungworms - Taenia (tapeworm) |
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Name a drug that is effective against mature and immature flukes, but not nematodes. Is there a drug that is affective again just the adult stage?
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Triclabendazole (Flukacidal)
Yes, Albendazole. |
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What are the Pro-benzimidazoles and how are they different from the Benzimidazoles? Give two examples.
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Pro-drugs are precursor to active metabolites that are more water soluble. They are absorbed and converted via liver metabolism.
Febantel->Fenbendazole Netobimin->Albendazole Thiophanate->Lobendazole |
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What are the side effects of benzimidazoles?
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None - generally safe
* Teratogenic effects at certain stage of foetal development noted, but those drugs have been removed from market. |
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Give five examples of Avermectins.
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- Abamectin
- Doramectin - Eprinomectin - Ivermectin - Selamectin |
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Give two examples of Milbemycins.
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- Milbemycin
- Moxidectin |
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What are the Macrocyclic Lactones (Avermectins & Milbemycins) used for?
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Antihelmentic and Ectoparasitiside (aka Endecotocides)
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Where are Macrocyclic Lactones (Avermectins & Milbemycins) derived from?
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Streptomyces fungi
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Avermectins
- Pharmacokinetics * Solubility * Metabolism * Excretion |
- Lipid soluble
- Hepatic metabolism - Fecal excretion, some urine |
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How is Eprinomectin different from other Avermectins? What is most advantageous about it?
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It is largely excreted unchanged. It has no withdrawal period.
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Eprinomectin
- Pharmacokinetics * Excretion * Withdrawal period |
- Largely excreted unchanged
- No withdrawal period, Low milk/plasma coefficient - drug is partitioned away from milk |
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How is Selamectin used?
- Host sp. - Parasite type - Administration |
- Companion Animals
- Internal and External parasites - Spot-on (partitioned to sebaceous glands as a reservoir) * Ok for use in collies |
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Milbemycin oxime
- Pharmacokinetics * Excretion |
- Excreted unchanged 90-95% (w/ oral admin.)
- Absorbed drug excreted in bile |
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Moxidectin
- Pharmacokinetics * Parasite type * Reservior * Excretion |
Broad Spectrum
- Ostertagia, Dictyocaulus - Tissue persistance (lipophilic) - Excreted in feces |
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What is the mechanism of action of Milbemycins?
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Increase the effect of GABA on parasite receptors sites leading to the opening of chloride channels and hyperpolarization of (paralysis) of the parasite.
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What is the mechanism of action of Avermectins?
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Act on glutamate gated chloride channels in parasite leading to the opening of chloride channels and hyperpolarization of (paralysis) of the parasite.
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What is a key concern regarding Avermectins?
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Avermectins are selective for the parasite and do not pentrate the blood brain barrier.
**The exception is Collie's & Murray Gray cattle - toxicity due to crossing of BBB. |
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What endoparasites are not affected by Amermectins & Mibemycins and why?
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Flukes & tape worms are not effected by these drug as they do not have GABA or glutamte gated chloride receptors.
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How is Milbemycin adminstered and why?
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Wide range or administration routes (SQ, IV, spot-on, PO) due to lipid solubility
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How is Milbemycin administered to each of the following animals and what is it treating?
- Cattle - Sheep - Pigs - Dogs/Cats |
*Cattle (IM, SQ, PO) - GI nematodes, lung worms, Ostertagia type II
*Sheep (IM, SQ, PO) - GI nematodes & nasal bots *Pigs (IM, SQ, in feed) - GI nematodes & lung worm *Dogs/Cats (PO, spot-on) - Monthly heart worm, hookworm, round worm, and whip worm |
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What two drugs can be used to treat Heatworm and round worms in dogs/cats?
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*Milbemycin
*Selamectin (Avermectin) |
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What makes Mibemycin toxic to the host?
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Some GABA binding occurs in the host CNS, but is breed specific (Collies & Australian Shepards)
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Name two Imidazothiazoles.
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- Tetramisole
- Levamisole |
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Imidazothiazoles
*Pharmacokinetics - Mechanism of action - Concentration or Time dependant |
- Stimulate the ganglionic nicotinic receptor of parasite, leading to contacted paralysis and loss of hold.
- Concentration dependent |
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Imidazothiazoles
*Pharmacokinetics - Adminstration - Absorption - Elimination |
- "Clear drench" PO, Injectible, or pour-on
- Rapidly absorbed from GI - Metabolized by liver, Excreted via Urine & Feces |
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What are two key benefits of Levamisole over other Imadazothiazoles?
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*Being the lev isomer of the racemic tetramisole it is possible to 1/2 the dose and achieve the same efficacy.
*Immunostimulant for T lymphocytes (only when numbers are low) |
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Imadazothiazoles
*Spectrum *Parasite *Host Licensed for *Additional use |
* Broad Spectrum
* GI nematodes & Lungworm * Sheep & Cattle * Has been used unlic. in dogs for lungworm |
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What is the toxicity level of Imadazothiazoles? Why?
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Relatively toxic compared to Benzomidazoles due to activity at nicotinic receptors.
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What group of drug should be avoided when giving Imadazothiazoles? Why?
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Organophosphates
They both have similar toxicity effects due to nicotinic receptor activity. |
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Organophosphates
* Method of Action * Target Parasite |
* AChE Inhibitor
* Adult GI roundworms, bots & endoparasites |
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Name three Tetrahydroprimidines.
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Morantel
Oxantel Pyrantel |
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Pyrantel
* Mechanism of Action * Relation to Imidazothiazole * Spectrum * Host use * Administration * Safety |
* Stimulate ACh nicotinic receptors in parasite
* Derivative of Imidazothiazole * GI Round worm * Horse, dog & cat * Oral (paste or tablet) * High safety margin - increased specificity for parasite receptor |
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Pyrantel is often combine with a salt. What are the two most common salts? What are the benefits of combining the drug with a salt?
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- Pamoate or tartrate salt
- Decreases GI Absorption keeping drug in GI tract, thus increase the parasites contact time with the drug * Food also delays absorption and increase contact time |
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How is Morantel related to Pyrantel? How does this affect its activity?
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* Methyl Ester analogue of pyrantel
* Morantel has a greater efficacy |
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What is Morantel used for and how is it administered?
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* GI round worms in sheep and cattle
* Oral suspension (sheep), ruminal coil bolus - slow release (cattle) |
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Name four common Flukicides.
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* Salicylanilides: Closantel & Oxyclozanide
* Nitroxynil * Clorsulon (Sulphonamide) |
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Salicylanilides
* Name two * Mechanism of action * Parasite targeted/Host * Age/stage of parasite * Administration * Main concern w/ use |
* Closantel & Oxyclozanide
* Uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation by increasing mitochondrial permeability * F.Hepatica, Haemonchus contortus (sheep & cattle) * 8 weeks-Adult >92%; 6 weeks>60% * Orally * Highly PPB (long t1/2 due to PP reservior) - maybe displaced with other PPB drugs |
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Nitroxynil
* Drug type * Mechanism of action * Parasite targeted/Host * Administration * Main concern w/ use |
* Flukicide
* Uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation by increasing mitochondrial permeability * F.Hepatica, Haemonchus contortus (sheep & cattle) * Parentrally as rumen will deactivate drug * High PPB(long t1/2 due to PP reservior) - maybe displaced with other PPB drugs * Will stain wool |
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Clorsulon
* Drug type * Mechanism of action * Parasite targeted/Age * Administration * Main concern w/ use |
* Flukicide (Sulphonamide - antibiotic)
* Inhibits glycolytic pathway * Flukes 8 weeks+ * Orally or Parenterally * Highly PPB |
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Name a drug that targets Cestodes.
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Praziquantel
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Describe the mechanism of action for Praziquantel.
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Cases Ca+ influx into parasite leading to tetanic contraction.
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What are the features of Parziquantels administration and distribution?
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Administered orally, rapidly absorbed across GI tract and well distributed throughout the body. Rapid hepatic metabolism.
* Can also be given via injection. |
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What species of parasite does Praziquantel target?
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Taenia, Dipylidium, Echinococcus (adult & larval stages)
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Name a Cyclo-depsipeptdes, its mechanism of action and its function (Spectrum/Parasite spp.)
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Emodepside
* Binds to a latrophilin G protein coupled receptor and results in flaccid paralysis of parasites pharyngeal & somatic muscles * Broad Spectrum Antihelmintic spot-on for Cats (T. cati, Toxascaris leonina, Ancylostona sp) |
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What is Emodepside often combined with in products? How do these two products work together?
* Administration * Reservoir |
* Praziquantal
* Comprehensive wormers * Topical for Cats * Fat acts as a reservior (t1/2 - 9 days) |
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Piperazine
* Mechanism of Action * Spectrum |
* Hyperpolarization at the Neuromuscular junction -> flaccid paralysis
* Round worms |
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Nitroscanate
* Mechanism of Action * Spectrum |
* Interferes with energy production in parasite
* Round worms, hook worms, tape worms (except Echinococcus) |
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In which species of host is there the greatest parasite resistance to the three main anthelmintics?
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Sheep, goats & horses
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Which Anthelmintic is not available for food productions animals?
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Cyclodepsipeptide
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True or False: Resistance to one group of anthelminths conferes resistance to all groups.
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True
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Name three ways in which resistance to anthelminths is tested.
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1) PCR - gene mutations
2) Egg hatch tests 3) Host concentration of parasite eggs in feces. |
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How is resistance to anthelminths prevented?
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* Rotational use (1-BZ, 2-LM, 3-AV)
* Correct dosing & regime * Use combinations of drugs with different methods of action (decreases dosing of each) * Better Animal Husbandry to decrease need for anthelminths |
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Define Coccidiosis. Naming the two genera involved and the key stages in their life cycle.
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* Intracellular parasite of intestinal epithilium
* Eimeria & Isospora - unsporulated oocyst (in feces) - sporulated oocyst (ingested) - Schizont - Gamete |
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How are antiprotozoals used to combat Coccidiosis in Broiler Chickens?
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They are given antiprotozols in their feed throughout their life. Drug is withdrawn 5-7 days prior to slaughter. Risk of Coccidiosis during that period of time.
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How are antiprotozoals used to combat Coccidiosis in Laying Hens?
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Natural immunity to coccidiosis is encouraged via intermittant treatment and decreased dosages.
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How is resistance to antiprotozals dealt with in the poultry industry?
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Drugs are alternated within a batch OR between batches. (Switch/Shuttle programs)
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What is the difference between a Coccidiostat and a Coccidiocidal drug? Give an example of each.
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Coccidiostat (quinolones) arrest development, while a Coccidiocidal (ionophores) kill coccidia.
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Name five Ionophores and where they are regularly used.
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Poultry
*Monensin *Salinomycin *Maduraminicin Game Birds & Poulty *Lasalocid Broilers *Narasin |
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What is the Mechanism of Action for Ionophores?
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Interfere with ion transport across cell membranes rupturing the cell wall of the protozoa.
* Monovalent (Salinomycin, monensin, narasin) * Divalent (Lasalocid) |
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What life cycle phase are the Ionophores most effective against?
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1st Generation Schizonts
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What are the toxicity concerns surrounding Ionophores?
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** Highly toxic to Horses (Low therapeutic index)
*Not Lic. for horses - typically accidental ingestion of poulty feed. - Cardiac Arrest due to affects on cardiac and skeletal muscle. - Tx: mineral oil & supportive therapy. |
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Name four Sulphonamides used as anti-coccidials. What host species are they used in?
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- Sulfaquinoxaline
- Sulfadimine - Sulfadimethoxine - Sulfamethoxypyridazone * Cattle, Sheep & racing pigeons |
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What is the mechanism of action for Sulphonamides?
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Interfere with folic acid synthesis by out competing PABA.
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What life stage are Sulphonamides active against?
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2nd Generation Schizonts
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Name three Diaminopyrimidines. What host species are they used in?
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- Trimethoprim
- Diaveridine - Pyrimethamine |
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What is the Mechanism of action for Diaminopyrimidines?
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Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase in folic acid cascade leading to protozoal inhibition.
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What host species are combo products with Diaminopyrimidines & Sulphonamides used in? What effect does the combination have?
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* Dogs, cats, rabbits, poultry, ruminants
* Individually each drug inhibits the protozoa through the folic acid cascade. Together they are able to kill. |
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What is the Mechanism of Action for Amprolium and it's spectrum?
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* Thiamine antagonist
* Narrow spectrum against some intestinal Eimeria spp. |
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What life cycle stage is Amprolium most affective against?
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First Stage Schizonts
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What can be done to increase the spectrum of an Amprolium antiprotozoal?
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Combined it with ethopabate or sulphonomindes.
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How is Amprolium typically used?
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Used prophylacticaly in chickens & turkeys in feed or drinking water. Dose is gradually reduced to all animal to develop immunity.
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Ethopabate
* What is the mechanism of action? * What life cycle stage is it most affective against? |
* Inhibits folic acid synthesis by competing with PABA.
* 2nd Genreation schizonts |
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Quinolones
* What is the mechanism of action? * What life cycle stage is it most affective against? * Host species used in? |
* Disrupts electron transport of protozoa
* Invading sporozoites * Cattle, sheep (prophylactic) |
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Clopidol
* What is the mechanism of action? * What life cycle stage is it most affective against? * Host species used in? |
* Mechanism unknown
* Sporozoites * Broilers, rabbits (prophylactic) |
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Robenidine
* What is the mechanism of action? * What life cycle stage is it most affective against? * Host species used in? * Concern |
* Inhibits oxidative phosphorylation
* Mature schizonts * Poultry, rabbits (prophylaxis) * Can taint meat |
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Nicarbazin
* What is the mechanism of action? * What life cycle stage is it most affective against? * Host species used in? |
* Inhibits oxidative phosphorylation
* 2nd Stage schizonts * Poultry(prophylaxis) |
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Dinitorlmide (similar to Nicarbazin)
* What is the mechanism of action? * What life cycle stage is it most affective against? * Host species used in? |
* Inhibits oxidative phosphorylation
* 1st Generation schizonts * Poultry(prophylaxis) |
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Diclazuril
* What life cycle stage is it most affective against? * Host species used in? |
* Late stages
* Calves & Lambs - treatment * Poultry (prophylaxis) |
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Halofunginone
* What life cycle stage is it most affective against? * Host species used in? * Other protozoa drug is effective in treating? |
* All asexual stages
* Calves (prophylaxis) * Also a treatment for cryptospirosis |
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Toltrazuril
* What life cycle stage is it most affective against? * Host species used in? |
* All stages
* Pigs, Poultty (treatment) |
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What other Coccidiosis options are available in poultry? Administration?
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* Live attenuated vacine
* Given in drinking water at 5-9 days of age |
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Name six protozoal conditions beyond coccidiosis.
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* Cryptosporidia
* Toxoplasmosis * Babesiosis * Giardiasis * Histomoniasis * Leishmaniasis |
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* What is used in the treatment of dogs and cattle for Babesiosis?
* What other conditions is it effective for in dogs? |
* Imidocarb
* Ehrlichiosis |
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Imidocarb
* Administration * Activity time * Half life * Excretion * Withdrawal period |
* SQ or IM (painful) - poorly bioavailability orally
* Persists in tissues for 4 weeks * t1/2 - 4 hours * Live & Kidney * 265 days!!! |
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Name for antimicrobials groups that are used for the treatment of protozoal disease.
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* Potentiated Sulphonamides - Toxoplasmosis (not suitable for cats)
* Tetracyclines - Babesiosis, ehrlichiosis * Clindamycin - Toxoplasmosis (cats) *Metronidazole - Histomoniasis, Trichomoniasis, Giardiasis |
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Organophosphate
* Mechanism of action * Areas effected |
* Irreversible AChE Inhibition
* Cholinesterase enzymes in plasma & erythrocytes, Liver enzymes, cytochrome P450 & esterases, Neurotoxic esterase. *** Affects BOTH parasite & Host*** |
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Organophosphate
* Solubility * Distribution |
* Extremely lipid soluble
* Well distributed systemical via skin contact |
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What are the affects of acute Organophosphate toxicity?
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* Muscarinic *
Increased secretions, bronchoconstriction, miosis, bradycardia, hypotension, increased GI motility * Nicotinic * Muscle fasciculation, cramps, weakness * Central * Restlessness, convulsions, respiratory & cardiac depression, coma |
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Name an OP drug and the ectoparasites it treats for. What is the host it is used on?
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Diazinon (spot-on/dip) for SHEEP ONLY
* Psoroptes * Ticks * Lice & keds * Blowfly "Broad Spectrum" |
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What is the withdrawal period for Diazinon dip?
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35 days
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Explain why the primary signs of OP exposure are more acute than long term exposure.
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OP irreversibly bind to AChE inhibiting the degradation of ACh. Excessive exposure of receptors to ACh leads to their down-regulation. Additionally, an responsive increase in the production of Cholinesterase occurs.
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What is the best method of treatment for acute OP toxicity?
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* Gastric or surface lavage to reduce absorption.
* Atropine IM or IV * Clear Airways * Use a sedative live Diazepam or Barbituate to block seizures/reduce muscular activity. * Administer a hydrolytic regenerator of AChE (Pralidoxime chloride, TMB-4 dibromide) * Supportive Therapy |
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What are the signs and causes of delayed neurotoxicity of OP in humans? As seen in Farmers that regularly dipped sheep.
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* Ataxia
* Paresis * Paralysis - Decrease in nerve conduction - Demyelination - Change in structure and function of nerves in nervous system (not synapes) |
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Name the major precautions to take when administering OP?
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* Dipping staff must have a Certificate of Comptence
* Face protection * Impervious gloves * Proper disposal of dip after use * Caution in handling animals after dipping * Age of animal * Concurrent use with other agents |
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What ectoparasite are OP used to treat in cattle? What is a major concern?
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* Warbles
* DON'T treat between Nov-March as grubs can die in spine or oesophagus and cause a reaction. |
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Carbamates
* Mechanism of Action * Administration * Toxicity |
* AChE inhibition (reversible)
* Flea collars - parasite contacts poison and dies. * Low toxicity to mammals, but carcinogenic |
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Pyrethrins(natural) & Pyrethroids(synthetic)
* Mechanism of Action * Effects on parasite |
* Cause Na+ channel in nerve membranes of parasite to stay open leading to neuroexcitation and paralysis
* Intoxication on peripheral nerve will cause parasite to fall off host, but can recover. Additional, Central nerve intoxication leads to death. |
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How do first, second and thrid generation Pyrethrins/ Pyrethroids differ?
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The naturally occuring Pyrethrins (1st gen) degrade when exposed to light (photolabile). The synthetic Pyrethroids make up the 2nd & 3rd Gen.
* 2nd gen are photostable * 3rd gen are photostable & persistent |
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Name four Pyrethrin/pryrethroid drugs.
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- Permethrin
- Cypermethrin - Deltamethrin - Flumethrin |
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How safe are Pyrethrin/ pryrethroid drugs?
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* Very safe for mammals as they are less sensitive to the effects.
* Aquatic spp. are very sensitive thus concerns about run-off into water. |
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How do Pyrethrin/pryrethroid drugs get into the parasite?
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- The lipid soluble drug penetrates the parasites cuticle and passively diffuses through:
- Wax in tegument pore canals - Intersegmental membranes - Lipophilic tracheal lining via spiracles |
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What is used to accelrate the penetration of Pyrethrin/ pryrethroid drugs into insects and "synergise" their activity?
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* Oils aid in acceleration and transport into haemolymph
* Mixed function oxidase (MFO) inhibitors (ex: piperonyl butoxide) keep insect MFO from metabolizing drug. |
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Why are Pyrethrin/ pryrethroid drugs made of high "cis" preparations?
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The trans isomer is more readily hydrolyzed. High cis preparations persist longer.
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What are four ways in which insects can resist Pyrethrin/ pryrethroids.
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* Avoidance behavior
* Modified exoskeleton decreasing penetration * Insensitivity of Na+ channels to drug * Metabolic resistance via upregulation of MFO |
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Give and example of a Pyrethroid used in Sheep and lambs and it's application. What is it treating for?
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Cypermethrin (spray, pour-on, dip)
* Ticks * Head fly * Blow fly * Lice * Psoroptes - sheep scab (only high cis dip works) |
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Deltamethrin
* Type of drug * Administration * Affective against |
Pyrethroid
* Spot-on for Sheep - Ticks - Head fly - Lice - Keds - Blowfly |
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Permethrin
* Type of drug * Administration * Hosts * Affective against |
Pyrethroid
* Powder, shampoo & spot-on * Dogs/cats - Fleas * Horses - Flies ** Cats are sensitive to effects ** |
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What is Piperonyl butoxide used for and what is its mechanism of action?
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* Used alone or to synergise pyrethroids
* Inhibits MFO (microsomal enzyme in parastie) |
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Amidines: Class Triazepentadiene
* Mechanisms of Action (3) |
* MAO inhibitor - decreased metabolism of neurotransmitters
* Octopamine receptor agonist (only in parasite) * Alpha2 agonist - leads to increase nerve activity in parasite |
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What toxicity/safety concerns are there for Amidines?
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* Drowziness due to alpha2 agonist properties. Otherwise safe in most dogs.
* Toxic in cats, horses & chihuahuas |
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What hosts/parasites are targeted with Amidines? When combine with Metaflumizone?
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* Demodectic and Sarcoptic mange in Dogs
* Mange, Fleas & Ticks |
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Cyromazine
* Mechanism of Action * Spectrum * Parasites targeted |
* Disrupts insect growth regulation
* Limited spectrum * Blow fly & Tick (prophylaxis) * Lice (Tx & prohoylaxis) |
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What is the benefit of using Cyromazine over OP and pyrethroids?
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* 3 day meat withdrawal period in food animals.
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What drug can be used to treat sweet itch in horses? Concerns?
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* Benzyl benzoate (mech of action unknown)
* Toxic to cats |
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Benzoyl Urea derivative
* Drug name * Mechanism of Action * Host use * Parasite affected * Administration * Reservoir |
Lufenuron
* Insect growth regulator by blocking formation of larval chitin. Fleas ingest in host blood. * Fleas * Small Animals * Oral (monthly), Injectible (every 6 months) * Fat |
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What is the draw back to Lufenuron?
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It affects flea larvae, but has no impact on the adult forms
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Fipronil
* Drug name * Mechanism of Action * Host use * Parasite affected * Administration * Reservoir |
Phenylpyrazole (Frontline)
* Block GABA gated channels (rapid killing) * Cats & Dogs * Fleas & Ticks, kills adult before egg laying * Spot-on, spray * Skin |
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Imidacloprid
* Drug name * Mechanism of Action * Toxicity * Host use * Parasite affected * Administration * Reservoir |
Chloronicotinyl nitroguanide (Advantage)
* Bind to CNS nicotinic receptors in parasite>>paralysis>>death * VERY strong parasite receptor selectivity * Cats & Dogs * Fleas * Monthly spot-on * Skin/hair follicles/fat |
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Pyriprole
* Type of Drug * Mechanism of Action * Toxicity * Host use * Parasite affected * Administration * Reservoir |
Phenylprazole (New Drug type)
* Agonist at GABA gated chloride channels>>uncontrolled nerve activity * Associated with excessive metabolites in OD situation * Dog (only) * Fleas & Ticks * Spot-on * Skin & hair |
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Name five Endectocides. What group of drugs are they all from?
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** Macrocyclic Lactones**
Avermectins * Ivermectin * Eprinomection * Doramectin * Selamectin Milbamycin * Moxidectin |
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Selamectin
* Type of drug * Parasites * Hosts * Application * Reservoir * Effectiveness |
Avermectin
* Fleas, ear mites, roundworms, hookworm, heartworm & sarcoptic mange * Dog & Cat * Topical * Skin (high levels) * Better as a ecto- than endo- due to limited endo- spectrum |
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Name three inorganic compounds used to treat Ectoparasites.
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Mange
* Sulphur Fleas, Ticks, Mites, Lice * Monosulfiram * Slenium Sulphide (shampoo) |
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Name three Fly repellents.
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* Citronella oil
* Diethytoluamide * Dimehtylphthalate |
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Name three sprays used to control fleas in the environment.
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* Methoprene - growth regulator
* Permethrins * Amitraz |
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Name three drugs used to treat Otodectes cyanotis (Ear Mites).
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* Thiabendasole
* Permethrin * Monosulfiram |
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Why is it important to treat Otodectes cyanotis (ear mites) at day one and then in 10-14 days?
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The mites life cycle is 3 weeks. Treating on day 1 kills current mites, where treating on day 10-14 kills newly hatched mites.
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