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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Analgesics
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relieve pain without significantly disturbing consciousness or altering actions of sensory nerves
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Antipyretics
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reduce fever
Some of these types of drugs also have anti-inflammatory properties |
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What is the process of pain stimuli? (3 steps)
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- Histamine, prostaglandins, serotonin, and bradykinin are released and initiate action potential along sensory nerve fiber.
- Nociceptors (pain receptors) are activated and message sent to brain cortex. - Appropriate autonomic and reflect responses are activated. |
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What is nociceptive pain?
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- response to damage to body part
- pain is localized, constant and often aching or throbbing - visceral pain is the subtype of nocceptive pain that involves internal organs. Episodic and poorly localized |
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What is neuropathic pain?
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- result of injury or malfunction in the peripheral or central nervous system
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What are the main causes of peripheral neuropathy (widespread nerve damage)?
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- peripheral neuropathy can be caused by diabetes, and chronic alcohol use and exposure to toxins
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What causes entrapment neuropathy?
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- carpal tunnel syndrome
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Which type of pain is easier to treat with drugs?
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nociceptive pain
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Which neurotransmitters than can bind with opiate receptors in the CNS and inhibit transmission of pain impulses?
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- endorphins and enkephalins
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What are the two main types of analgesics?
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- Non narcotics (NSAIDS, acetaminophen)
- narcotics- opioids (morphine, codeine) |
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What is upper limit effectiveness of non-narcotics?
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- past a certain point more doesn't give more effect
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What are the different groups of NSAIDS?
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- salicylates and antipyretics
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What is the mechanism of action of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs?
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- believed to act by blocking prostaglandin synthesis
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What are the major NSAIDS on the market? (4)
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-Aspirin (Anacin, Bayer)
-Ibuprofen (advil, Motrin) - Naproxen (aleve) - Celebrex (celebrex) |
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What are the uncommon adverse effects of aspirin? (4)
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- dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting, occult bleeding
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What are the serious adverse effects of aspirin? (2)
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- Massive GI hemorrhage at high doses and in elderly patients
- may be associated with reye syndrome in children (liver and brain damage) |
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What are the uses of Ibuprofen?
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- mild to moderate pain, dsymenorrhea and fever
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What are the common adverse effects of Ibuprofen?
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- nausea, occult blood loss, peptic, ulceration, diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, flatulence, heartburn, decreased appetite
-just remember all gastro-intestinal |
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What are the serious adverse effects of Ibuprofen?
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- azotemia
-cystitis hematuria - aplastic anemia -hypoglycemia, hyperkalemia - (all NSAIDS except aspirin increase the risk of serious adverse cardiovascular events) |
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What are the common adverse effects of COX-2 inhibitors?
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- abdominal pain, dyspepsia, diarrhea
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What are the common adverse effects of COX-2 inhibitors?
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- abdominal pain, dyspepsia, diarrhea
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What are the serious adverse effects of cox-2 inhibitors?
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- myocardial infarction and stroke
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What are the serious adverse effects of cox-2 inhibitors?
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- myocardial infarction and stroke
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What are the contraindications with of COX-2 inhibitors?
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- avoid patients with hepatic impairment or advanced renal disease
- interacts with ACE inhibitors, fluconazole and lithium - asthma,hypertension, lower extremity edema, congestive heart failure, or fluid retention, and in pregnant or lactating women |
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What are the contraindications with of COX-2 inhibitors?
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- avoid patients with hepatic impairment or advanced renal disease
- interacts with ACE inhibitors, fluconazole and lithium - asthma,hypertension, lower extremity edema, congestive heart failure, or fluid retention, and in pregnant or lactating women |
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What is the mechanism of action of acetaminophen?
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- inhibition of prostaglandin in peripheral nervous system
- blocks peripheral pain impulses to a lesser degree than other NSAIDS |
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What is the mechanism of action of acetaminophen?
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- inhibition of prostaglandin in peripheral nervous system
- blocks peripheral pain impulses to a lesser degree than other NSAIDS |
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What are the uses of Acetaminophen?
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- treatment of regular everyday pain
- reduces fever and discomfort of common cold and viral infections |
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What are the uses of Acetaminophen?
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- treatment of regular everyday pain
- reduces fever and discomfort of common cold and viral infections |
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What are the adverse effects of Acetaminophen?
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- long-term: skin eruptions and urticaria, hypotension, hepatotoxicity
- Overdose: hepatotoxicity, coma, internal bleeding (antidote is acetylcysteine) |
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What are the adverse effects of Acetaminophen?
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- long-term: skin eruptions and urticaria, hypotension, hepatotoxicity
- Overdose: hepatotoxicity, coma, internal bleeding (antidote is acetylcysteine) |
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What are Opiates?
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- drugs derived from opium poppies: morphine and codeine
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What are Opiates?
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- drugs derived from opium poppies: morphine and codeine
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What does the term Opioid mean?
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- general term referring to natural, synthetic, or endogenous morphine-related substances
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What does the term Opioid mean?
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- general term referring to natural, synthetic, or endogenous morphine-related substances
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What are the opiod receptors?
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- mu, kappa, delta
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What are the opiod receptors?
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- mu, kappa, delta
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What are the common adverse effects of morphine?
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- nausea, and vomiting, constipation, dry mouth, biliary tract spasms, dizziness, sedation, pruritus
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What are the common adverse effects of morphine?
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- nausea, and vomiting, constipation, dry mouth, biliary tract spasms, dizziness, sedation, pruritus
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What are the serious adverse effects of Morphine?
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respiratory depression, physical and psychological dependence
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What are the common adverse effects of codeine?
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- postural hypotension, nausea and vomiting, constipation, miosis(dialation of pupils)
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What are the serious adverse effects of codeine?
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cortical and respiratory depression
(tolerance, dependence and addiction can occur) |
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What are the uses of hydrocodone?
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- relieve nonproductive cough
- relieve moderate to severe pain |
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What are the common adverse effects of hydrocodone?
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- dry mouth
- nausea and vomiting - constipation - sedation - dizziness - drowsiness |
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What are the serious adverse effects of hydrocodone?
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- respiratory depression
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What is the mechanism of action of Oxycodone?
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- precise mechanism not clear
- binds to CNS receptors to alter perception and response to pain - 10-12 times more potent than codeine |
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When is oxycodone used?
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- moderate to severe pain
- bursitis dislocation, simple fractures - post op and postpartum pain |
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What are the common adverse effects of oxycodone?
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- euphoria, dysphoria, light-headedness, dizziness, sedation, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, consitpation
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What are the serious adverse effects of oxycodone?
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- jaundice, hepatoxicity, respiratory depression
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What are the synthetic opioid antagonists? (2)
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- Naloxone (Narcan)
- Naltrexone (Trexan, ReVia) |
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What is Naloxone?
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- drug prescribed for narcotic overdose, reversal of narcotic respiratory depression
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What is naltrexone?
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- adjunct for maintaining opioid-free state in detoxified addicts; management of alcohol dependence
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What are the uses of Buprenorphine?
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- treatment of moderate to severe post op pain
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What are the adverse effects of buprenorphine (common)?
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- sedation, drowsiness, vertigo, dizziness, headache, amnesia, euphoria, imsomnia
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What is Fentanyl?
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- analgesic and sedative used during operative and perioperative periods
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What is Meperidine?
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- also known as Demerol
- synthetic opioid that acts on the CNS and organs composed of smooth muscle - induces analgesia and sedation |
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What is Methadone?
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- synthetic opioid analgesic that binds to opiate receptors in the CNS
- detox for opioid addcits |
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What is Pentazocine?
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- synthetic narcotic agonist- antagonist
- similar to morphine |
