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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some reasons for rising antibiotic resistance?(3)
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- not finishing prescriptions
- sub lethal concentration - pouring into the environment |
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What was interesting about the spanish influenza? (4)
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- caused organ failure
-too much inflammation - lungs inflammation and puss lead to suffocation - heavily affected middle aged, healthy individuals |
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Define fungi:
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nonphotosynthetic creatures of single- or multi-cell structure found in environment
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Define parasites:
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include protozoa, roundworms, flatworms, and arthropods
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What is a reservoir? (2)
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- place where a pathogenic organism must live and reproduce
- e.g. humans, animals, insects, soil |
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What is the unbroken chain of events required for transmission of disease?
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- Reservoir
- Susceptible victim - portal of exit - portal of entry - mode of transmission |
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What are some examples of transmission blocks shown in class? (3)
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- destroying vector that carries a parasite (mosquito's malaria)
- tuberculosis transmission slowed down by wearing a mask - improving hosts immune system |
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Examples of blocking portals of entry?
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- condom
- mask - gloves |
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Examples of improving patients susceptibility:
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- vaccination
- optimal rest - nutrition |
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Define bactericidal: (6)
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- killing microbes
- e.g. penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, fluroquinolones |
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Define Bacteriostatic (6)
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- inhibits microbial growth
- penicillins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines, sulfonamides |
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What are some examples of transmission blocks shown in class? (3)
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- destroying vector that carries a parasite (mosquito's malaria)
- tuberculosis transmission slowed down by wearing a mask - improving hosts immune system |
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Examples of blocking portals of entry?
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- condom
- mask - gloves |
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Examples of improving patients susceptibility:
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- vaccination
- optimal rest - nutrition |
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Define bactericidal: (6)
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- killing microbes
- e.g. penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, fluroquinolones |
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Define Bacteriostatic (6)
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- inhibits microbial growth
- penicillins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines, sulfonamides |
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Systematic antibacterial agents can be either:
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- bacterialcidal
- bacterialstatic |
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What are factors for choosing antibiotics? (11)
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-Likely or specific microorganisms
-Antimicrobial susceptibility -Bactericidal versus bacteriostatic properties -Allergy history, age, pharmacokinetics, renal and hepatic function, pregnancy status, anatomic site of infection, defenses of host |
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Sulfonamides: (3)
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-Block specific step in biosynthetic pathway of folic acid which is required to synthesize nucleic acids.
-Primarily bacteriostatic -Efficacy is enhanced when used with trimethoprim |
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What is trimethoprim? (2)
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-antibiotic that interferes with the production of tetrahydrofolic acid,
-which is necessary for bacteria and human cells to produce proteins |
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What are the sulfonamides dealt with in class? (4) (most common)
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- sulfamethoxazole
- sulfamerazine - sulfisoxazole - sulfapyridine |
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What are sulfonamides used to treat? (6)
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- in combination with trimethoprim
- treat urinary tract infections - otitis media - siunusitis - lower respiratory infections - colitis |
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Why has clinical use of sulonamides been greatly restriced?
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- development of resistant bacteria
- significant side effects - availability of other drugs |
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What are the common adverse effects of sulfonamides? (7)
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-appetite
- nausea -vomiting -diarrhea - fever -stomatitis - photosensitivity |
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What are serious adverse effects of sulfonamides? (4)
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- blood dyscrasias
- crystalluria - hematuria - life-threatening hepatitis |
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What are contraindications of sulfonamides? (4)
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- hypersensitivity
- lactation - children < 2 - later trimester of preggers |
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What do sulfonamides regularly interact with? (4)
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- oral anticoagulants
- methotrexate - oral hypoglycemics - hydantoin |
