Pharmacology - Lecture 1 & 2

Front 1

Branches of pharmacology

Back 1

pharmacodynamics - action of drugs on body
pharmacokinetics - fate of drugs in body
toxicology - study of undesirable, adverse effects of drugs
pharmacogenetics - genetic factors contributing to drug response/outcomes

Front 2

drug size and molecular weight (MW)

Back 2

MW b/w 100 to 1000
- too small: drugs not selective
- too large: poorly absorbed & distributed

Front 3

ex of drug size & MW and action in body

Back 3

BBB prohibits access of large hydrophilic molecules into CNS

Front 4

types of drug-receptor bonds

Back 4

1. covalent bonds (usual irreversible)
2. electrostatic bonds (b/w cation/anion)
3. weak H2, van der Waals, hydrophobic bonds

Front 5

What are the main factors determining the movement of drugs in the body

Back 5

charge of drug and medium

Front 6

Fick's law determines what?

Back 6

movement of molecules through membranes and other lipid structures

Front 7

Many drugs are found to be either:

Back 7

weak acids or weak bases

Front 8

What determines the fraction of the molecules (drug) that are charged/uncharged, as well as the absorption of the drug across the lipid membrane

Back 8

the pH of the medium

Front 9

What does the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation predict?

Back 9

The propensity of a drug to carry a charge under different physiological conditions (helps determine absorption/excretion)

Front 10

Ionized drugs are more:
Non-ionized drugs are more:

Back 10

water soluble
lipid soluble

Front 11

Since membranes are composed of lipids, what types of drugs are absorbed, and which are excreted?

Back 11

1. non-ionized - absorbed
2. ionized - excreted

Front 12

The ionized/non-ionized form of drugs are determined by:

Back 12

1. pH of environment
2. whether drug is weak acid or weak base

Front 13

An acid in an acid environment favors:

Back 13

absorption (lots of acidic form, so they shift to non-ionized form; non-ionized form favors absorption)

AAA

Front 14

An acid in an alkaline environment favors:

Back 14

excretion (lots of nonprotonated molecules, so shift to the ionized form to donate protons; ionized form favors excretion)

ABE

Front 15

A base in an acidic environment favors:

Back 15

excretion (lots of nonprotonated molecules, so they shift in direction of ionization; ionized form favors excretion)

BAE

Front 16

A base in a basic/alkaline environment favors:

Back 16

absorption (lots of protonated molecules, so they shift in the direction of non-ionized form; non-ionized form favors absorption)

BBA

Front 17

Henderson Hasselbach equation

Back 17

log (protonated/unprotonated) = pKa - pH

Front 18

Most drugs are freely filtered at the ________, but lipid-soluble drugs can be rapidly reabsorbed from the _______________.

Back 18

glomerulus; tubular urine

Front 19

Weak acids are _____ faster in basic urine; and ______ faster in acidic urine.

Back 19

excreted; reabsorbed

Front 20

Weak bases are excreted faster in _____ urine; and reabsorbed faster in _____ urine.

Back 20

acidic; basic

Front 21

Acidify urine by giving

Back 21

ammonium chloride

Front 22

alkalinize urine by giving

Back 22

sodium bicarbonate

Front 23

Fick's law of diffusion

Back 23

rate = (c1-c2) x (perm coefficient/thickness) x area

interpretation: drugs absorbed faster from organs w/ large SA and thin membranes

Front 24

What other types of permeations, aside from pH, determines absorption

Back 24

- aqueous diffusion
- transport by special carriers
- endocytosis/ pinocytosis

Front 25

1. Which of the other types of permeations is governed by Fick's law?

2. Which of the other types is not?

Back 25

1. aqueous diffusion

2. transport by special carriers

Front 26

What criteria must be considered in determining route of administration:

Back 26

1. drug properties and profiles
2. drugs site of action
3. condition and age of patient
4. rapidity and duration of drug effect required
5. convenience, cost, availability