Pharmacology Intro

Front 1

Name three drugs which act non-specifically

Back 1

Antacids, Osmotic effectors (e.g., laxatives), Anticancer drugs (bind DNA non-specifically).

Front 2

Give two agents that act on specific enzymes

Back 2

Aspirin (inhibits cyclooxygenase), & heparin (activates antithrombin)

Front 3

Name three agents acting on transport systems

Back 3

Chlorothiazide (diuretic), fluoxetine (prozac), & omeprazole (prilosec acid reflux)

Front 4

Give three agents acting on ion channels

Back 4

Nifedipine (antihypertensive), procaine (anesthetic), & minoxidil (rogaine)

Front 5

Name three agents that act on extracellular cell receptors

Back 5

Propranolol (β-blocker), morphine, & insulin

Front 6

What’s a good example of a drug acting on intracellular receptors?

Back 6

Steroids (e.g., cortisol)

Front 7

What are three important receptor characteristics?

Back 7

Sensitivity, Selectivity, & Specificity

Front 8

How is tetracycline distributed?

Back 8

Bound to bone calcium

Front 9

What is an elixir dissolved in?

Back 9

EtOH

Front 10

Name a drug commonly administered sublingually.

Back 10

Nitroglycerine

Front 11

Why would you administer a drug sublingually?

Back 11

To bypass the liver circulation

Front 12

What is the 2nd fastest route of administration?

Back 12

Inhalation

Front 13

Benzalkonium Cl, benzethonium Cl, cetylpyridinium Cl, chlorobutanol, EDTA. These are ____.

Back 13

Preservatives

Front 14

Name some mercurial preservatives (3).

Back 14

Phenylmercuric nitrate, phenyl mercuric acetate, & thimerosal.

Front 15

What are methyl/propylparabens, phenylethyl alcohol, sodium benzoate, sodium propionate, and sorbic acid?

Back 15

Preservatives

Front 16

List some viscosity increasing agents.

Back 16

Carboxymethylcellulose sodium dextran 70, glycerin, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methylcellulose, PEG, poloxamer 407, polysorbate 80, propylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone (povidone).

Front 17

What are EDTA, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium thiosulfate, & thiourea?

Back 17

Antioxidants

Front 18

Name four wetting agents

Back 18

Polysorbate 20 & 80, poloxamer 282, & tyloxapol

Front 19

What are these: acetic acid, boric acid, potassium bicarbonate, potassium borate, sodium acetate, sodium borate, HCl?

Back 19

Buffers

Front 20

List some tonicity agents.

Back 20

Buffers, dextran 40 & 70, dextrose, glycerin, potassium Cl, propylene glycol, & sodium Cl

Front 21

What is the only ophthalmic preparation available in gel form?

Back 21

Pilocarpine HS gel (sustained release miotic for Glaucoma)

Front 22

List the 6 inactive ingredient categories (adjuvants/excipients):

Back 22

1. Preservatives, 2. Viscosity increasers, 3. Antioxidants, 4. Wetting Agents, 5. Buffers, 6. Tonicity agents.

Front 23

Can lipid soluble drugs pass through the blood-brain barrier?

Back 23

Yes

Front 24

Wht do you call a drug that’s actually activated by being metabolized?

Back 24

Prodrug

Front 25

Where is the cytochrome P450 enzyme complex found?

Back 25

The smooth ER of the liver

Front 26

Does rifampin induce or inhibit P450?

Back 26

Inducer

Front 27

Does phenobarbital induce or inhibit P450?

Back 27

Inducer

Front 28

Does ketoconazole induce or inhibit P450?

Back 28

Inhibit

Front 29

Does cimetidine induce or inhibit P450?

Back 29

Inhibit

Front 30

Does erythromycin induce or inhibit P450?

Back 30

Inhibit

Front 31

What does grapefruit juice do?

Back 31

Inhibit P450

Front 32

What is warfarn’s phase I metabolic reaction action?

Back 32

Oxidation

Front 33

What is caffeine’s phase I metabolic reaction action?

Back 33

Dealkylation

Front 34

What is ibuprofen’s phase I metabolic reaction action?

Back 34

Hydroxylation

Front 35

What is amphetamine’s phase I metabolic reaction action?

Back 35

Deamination

Front 36

Name four metabolic reactions catalyzed by P450.

Back 36

1. Oxidation, 2. Dealkylation, 3. Hydroxylation, 4. Deamination

Front 37

List three metabolic reactions NOT catalyzed by P450.

Back 37

A. Hydrolysis (e.g., aspirin), B. Peptidases, C. Phosphatase

Front 38

Name 5 moieties, please.

Back 38

1. Glucuronide, 2. Acetyl group, 3. Methyl group, 4. Amino Acid, 5. Sulfate group

Front 39

Weak acids are excreted by acidic or basic urine?

Back 39

Basic (ionizes acid)

Front 40

Weak bases are excreted by acidic or basic urine?

Back 40

Acidic (ionizes base)

Front 41

What are some factors that modify drug absorption?

Back 41

Administration route or time, GI dysfunction, Age, Drug Environment, etc.

Front 42

What are some factors that modify drug distribution?

Back 42

Bodyweight, percent body fat, gender, drug environment, etc.

Front 43

What are some factors that alter metabolism and excretion?

Back 43

Genetic variations, age, gender, liver or kidney disease, drug environment

Front 44

What happens if hydralazine is allowed to accumulate in the body?

Back 44

“Lupus-like syndrome.”

Front 45

What happens if the plasmacholinesterase enzyme is slow-acting?

Back 45

Paralysis from succinylcholate lasts too long after surgery.

Front 46

Name three important genetic variations in metabolism.

Back 46

Differences in P450, G-6-PD deficiency, & acetylator enzyme variation.

Front 47

Name two drugs which can cause “Lupus-like syndrome.”

Back 47

Procainamide & hydralazine

Front 48

Outline the process of new drug introduction.

Back 48

A. Animal testing, B. File for an IND, C. Phase I studies, D. Phase II studies, E. Phase III studies, F. File a NDA