Pharmacology I Exam 3

Front 1

What percent of weight is intracellular fluid?

Back 1

40%

Front 2

What percent of weight is water?

Back 2

60%

Front 3

What percent of weight is blood plasma volume?

Back 3

5%

Front 4

T or F? Obese patients have more total body water than normal patients.

Back 4

F

Front 5

neonates have greater or less total body water than adults?

Back 5

greater

Front 6

Interstitial body water is what percentage of total body water?

Back 6

15%

Front 7

What is the osmolality of serum?

Back 7

300mOsm/kg

Front 8

Name three isotonic fluid solutions.

Back 8

1) 0.9% NaCl
2) 5% Dextrose
3) LRS (lactated ringers solution)

Front 9

Primary ECF Osmolality determiner

Back 9

Sodium

Front 10

Potassium is tied to resting membrane potentials because only 2% of total potassium is found in the:

Back 10

ECF

Front 11

Effects of Aldosterone (3)

Back 11

1) inc reabsorption of Na
2) inc excretioin of K
3) inc reabsorption of H2O -> inc ECF

Front 12

What happens to aldosterone when K increases in the ECF?

Back 12

Aldosterone is secreted

Front 13

What happens to aldosterone when K decreases in the ECF?

Back 13

aldosterone secretion is inhibited

Front 14

What happens to aldosterone when Na increases in the ECF?

Back 14

aldosterone secretion is inhibited

Front 15

Name 4 triggers for the release of aldosterone

Back 15

1) inc serum K
2) dec renal blood flow
3) ACTH
4) dec serum Na

Front 16

Daily fluid needs=

Back 16

30mL/lb/day or 66mL/lb/day

Front 17

define sensible fluid needs

Back 17

obvious fluid losses (e.g. urine)

Front 18

define insensible fluid needs

Back 18

difficult to observe losses (e.g. evaporation, panting)

Front 19

when to give replacement fluids

Back 19

dehydration, blood loss, severe vomiting or diarrhea.

Front 20

how to determine replacement fluids

Back 20

Body weight(kg=liter) x % dehydrated
replace over 4-8 hours
NO more than 90mL/kg/hr

Front 21

define continuing losses of fluid

Back 21

losses beyond those needed for maintenance or replacement

Front 22

how do you monitor continuing losses?

Back 22

daily weighing, urine output, hydration status, PE

Front 23

calculate daily fluid needs for a 20kg dog that is 8% dehydrated and is losing ~20mL/hr in diarrhea.

Back 23

Maintenance: 20kg x 66mL/kg/day x 1L/1000mL= 1.3L/day
Replacement: 20kg x 0.08= 1.6L
Continuing Losses: 20mL/hr x 24hr/day x 1L/1000mL= 0.5L/day
TOTAL FLUID= 3.4L/day

Front 24

name properties of Balanced Crystalloid fluids

Back 24

resemble ECF(high NA, low K, isotonic)

Front 25

Name examples of Balances Crystalloids

Back 25

0.9% NaCl, LRS,Plasmalyte A

Front 26

What are some possible properties of Unbalanced Crystalloid fluids

Back 26

isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic

Front 27

What is the anticipated effect of administering hypertonic saline

Back 27

rapid volume expansion, lasts for ~2hrs

Front 28

When would you use a Colloid fluid?

Back 28

rapid volume expansion, lasts for up to 36hr; hypoalbuminemia

Front 29

examples of colloid fluids?

Back 29

Hetastarch, Dextran 70

Front 30

example of unbalanced crystalloid?

Back 30

Plasmalyte 56

Front 31

problems with colloid fluid administration? (3)

Back 31

volume overload
hypersensitivity rxn
coagulation abnormalities

Front 32

T or F, Heart Failure is equated with congestive heart failure and is specific for hypervolemic.

Back 32

F
heart failure is equated with congestive heart failure and has many etiologies

Front 33

T or F, Circulatory Failure can be the result of Heart failure.

Back 33

T

Front 34

T or F, circulatory failure can be the hypovolemia or anemia

Back 34

T

Front 35

List 3 mechanical reasons for heart failure

Back 35

1)subaortic/pulmonary stenosis
2)Aortic/mitral/tricuspid regurgitation
3)patent ductus arteriosis

Front 36

List 2 myocardial reasons for heart failure

Back 36

1) Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
2) Taurine deficiency

Front 37

What are three reasons Cardiac output drops in circulatory failure?

Back 37

1)dec contractility
2)mechanical abnormalities
3)dec cardiac filling

Front 38

What is the formula for cardiac output?

Back 38

CO=HR x Stroke Volume

Stroke volume=(contractility x Preload)/afterload

Front 39

What is diastole?

Back 39

When the ventricles fill with blood, between the dub(S2) and lub(S1)

Front 40

What is Systole?

Back 40

when the atria fill with blood and ventricles empty, between the lub(S1) and dub(S2)

Front 41

What is Preload?

Back 41

stretching pressure on the relaxed myocardium during diastole

Front 42

What determines Preload?

Back 42

The end diastolic volume (EDV) of the ventricle, therefore the volume of blood returning to the heart.

Front 43

What happens to cardiac output when preload increases? decreases?

Back 43

increases, decreases.

Front 44

How body increases Preload?

Back 44

1) inc Na reabsorption in Kidney -> leads to inc ECF
2) RAAS

Front 45

What is Afterload?

Back 45

The force opposing ventricular contraction during systole, can be equated to the arterial blood pressure.

Front 46

T or F, Cardiac output is inversely proportional to afterload.

Back 46

T

Front 47

hows does Vasoconstriction affect afterload?

Back 47

inc vasoconstriction, inc afterload

Front 48

2 Goals of compensation for circulatory failure

Back 48

1) Maintain arterial blood pressure via vasoconstriction
2) inc myocardial function

Front 49

T or F, Arterial blood pressure will not be maintained at expense of cardiac output.

Back 49

F
it will be

Front 50

What 2 mechanisms will the body employ to inc myocardial function?

Back 50

inc sympathetic system and inc preload