Pharmacology I - Ans Review #1

Front 1

Describe the breakdown of the Nervous System

Back 1

Nervous System --> Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
Peripheral Nervous System --> Efferent and Afferent Divisions
Efferent --> Autonomic and Somatic System
Autonomic --> Sympathetic, Parasympathetic and Enteric

Front 2

The Spinal Cord relays reflexes and efferent information from the brain to the rest of the body. What is the difference in function between motor neurons of the somatic vs. autonomic system?

Back 2

Motor neurons of the somatic system transfer information from the motor cortex to skeletal muscles

Motor neurons in the autonomic nervous system relay information from the brain stem to the smooth and striated muscles

The Spinal cord also relays reflexes from chemo and baro receptors

Front 3

Describe the tracking of the Somatic Nervous System.

Back 3

Motor neurons of the somatic nervous system originate in the cerebral cortex, relay through the basal ganglia and spinal cord and terminate at the neuromuscular junction of muscle cells.

Front 4

Where do the nerves of the sympathetic nervous system originate?

Back 4

Thoracic-Lumbar regions

Front 5

Where do the nerves of the parasympathetic nervous system originate?

Back 5

Cranial-Sacral regions

Front 6

Nerve cells sometimes will synapse with ganglion either next to the vertebral column or in the tissue. What is the ganglionic tissue that the sympathetic nervous system synapses with?

Back 6

Para-vertebral column
A second cell then goes to the tissue.
Sometimes there are more than one ganglionic synapses and go to different places

Front 7

The vagus nerve is one of the cranial nerves and therefore is part of the parasympathetic nervous system. What 3 key organs does this nerve innervate?

Back 7

The larynx, lungs and heart and upper GI tract.

The sacral origins go to the lower part of the body.

Front 8

Describe the types of receptors

Back 8

Cholinergic --> a) Nicotinic
b) Muscarinic

Adrenergic

Front 9

Describe the types of receptors

Back 9

Cholinergic --> a) Nicotinic
b) Muscarinic

Adrenergic

Front 10

What adrenergic receptor is located on the radial muscle of the eye and what is the result of stimulation of this receptor?

Back 10

Alpha 1 - Pupil Dilation (mydriasis)

Front 11

What is the result of parasympathetic stimulation of the Iris sphincter muscle?

Back 11

Contraction - Pupil constriction (miosis)

Front 12

The ciliary muscle is innervated by both adrenergic and cholinergic stimulation. What is the specific adrenergic receptor and what are the effects of both types of stimulation?

Back 12

Beta 2 - Relaxation for far vision
Cholinergic - Contraction for near vision.

Front 13

What receptor type is located on the Lacrimal and Nasopharyngeal glands?

Back 13

Cholinergic - Tears, Mucus

Front 14

The Salivary Glands receive both alpha and beta as well as cholinergic stimulation. Describe the specific receptors as well as the effect of each.

Back 14

Alpha 1 - secretion of potassium and water
Beta - Secretion of amylase
Cholinergic - secretion of potassium and water

Front 15

What are the 5 main areas of nervous stimulation in the heart?

Back 15

SA Node
Atrium
AV Junction
Purkinje System
Ventricles

Front 16

Describe the adrenergic effect on each of these as well as the receptor type.

Back 16

They all contain Beta - 1 receptors
SA Node --> increased Heart Rate
Atrium --> increased contractility and conduction velocity
AV Junction --> Increased automaticity and propagation velocity
Purkinje System --> Increased automaticity and propagation veloctiy
Ventricles --> Increased Contractility

Front 17

Describe the cholinergic effect on each of these.

Back 17

SA Node --> Decreased heart rate
Atrium --> Decreased contractility/shortened action potential
AV Junction --> Decreased automaticity and propagation

Front 18

Describe the nervous innervation of arterioles and specific types of receptors.

Back 18

All arterioles contain Alpha - 1 receptors which cause constriction and many contain Beta - 2 receptors which cause dilation.
The arterioles are not innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system. However, there are several types of arterioles which contain cholinergic receptors that when bound with acetylcholine will produce dilatory effects.

Front 19

Describe the receptor types of the Lung and their effects.

Back 19

Bronchial muscle - Beta - 2 receptor which causes relaxation as well as cholinergic receptor which causes contraction

Bronchial Glands - Alpha -1/Beta - 2 which cause decreased secretion or increased secretion as well as cholinergic receptors which cause stimulation

Front 20

What receptors effect motility in the stomach?

Back 20

Alpha 2/Beta 2

Front 21

What receptors cause contraction in the sphincters in the stomach?

Back 21

Alpha 2/Beta 2

Front 22

What receptors stimulate secretion in the GI tract?

Back 22

Cholinergic receptors

Front 23

Describe nervous stimulation and receptor types in the Liver.

Back 23

Alpha and Beta 2 receptors stimulate Glycogenolysis and Gluconeogenesis in the liver while Cholinergic receptors stimulate Glycogen synthesis

Front 24

What type of receptor is on the bladder?

Back 24

Beta 2 receptors which cause relaxation of the detrusor muscle and Alpha 1 receptors which cause contraction of the sphincters

Front 25

Where is increased arterial pressure sensed?

Back 25

Baroreceptors in the aortic arch and the carotid artery

Front 26

Where does this signal go?

Back 26

The vasomotor center of the medulla

Front 27

What is the result of this signal being sent to the VMC?

Back 27

A decrease in sympathetic stimulation leading to vasodilation of the arterioles. (Via decreased stimulation of alpha 1 receptors)

An increase in parasympathetic stimulation causing a decrease in heart rate and a decrease in cardiac output