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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Additive effects
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Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone (compare with synergistic effects)
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Adverse drug event
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(ADE) Any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer a prescribed medication.
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Adverse drug reaction
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(ADR) Any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a medication given at therapeutic dosages (as opposed to overdose).
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Adverse effects
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Any undesirable bodily effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs. These effects may include SIDE EFFECTS, which are generally considered to be relatively minor adverse effects that are expected to occur in a percentage of the population receiving a given drug. However, the severity of such effects exists on a continuum. More severe adverse effects may result in changes in prescribed drug therapy after weighing the risk-to-benefit ratio of a drug in a specific clinical situation. The term ADVERSE EFECTS is a more general term and will be used in this book to connote any undesirable drug effects.
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Agonist
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A drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more biochemical receptor types in the body.
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Allergic reaction
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An immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication; a type of ADE.
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Antagonist
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A drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more biochemical receptor types in the body. Antagonists are also called INHIBITORS.
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Antagonistic effects
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Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone; it is usually caused by an antagonizing (blocking or reducing) effect of one drug on another.
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Bioavailability
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A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route (from 0% to 100%).
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Biotransformation
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One or more biochemical reactions involving a PARENT drug. Biotransformation occurs mainly in the liver and produce a metabolite that is either inactive or active. Also known as METABOLISM.
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Chemical name
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The name that describes the chemical composition and molecular structure of a drug.
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Contraindication
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Any condition, especially one related to a disease state or other patient characteristic, including current or recent drug therapy, that renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable.
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Cytochrome P-450
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General name for a large class of enzymes (found especially in the liver) that play a significant role in drug metabolism.
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Dissolution
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The process by which solid forms of drugs disintegrate in the gastrointestinal tract, become soluble, and are absorbed into the circulation.
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Drug
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Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism.
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Drug actions
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The cellular processes involved in the interaction between a drug and body cells (e.g., the action of a drug on a receptor protein); also called MECHANISM OF ACTION.
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Drug effects
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The physiologic reactions of the body to a drug. They can be THERAPEUTIC or TOXIC and constitute how the function of the body is affected as a whole by the drug. The terms ONSET, PEAK, and DURATION are used to describe drug effects (most often referring to therapeutic effects).
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Drug-induced teratogenesis
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The development of congenital anomalies or defects in the developing fetus caused by the toxic effects of drugs.
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Drug interaction
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Alteration in the pharmacologic activity of a given drug caused by the presence of one or more additional drugs; it is usually related to effects on the enzymes required for metabolism of the involved drugs.
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Duration of action
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The length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response.
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Enzymes
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Protein molecules that catalyze one or more of a variety of biochemical reactions, including those related to the body’s own physiologic processes as well as those related to drug metabolism.
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First-pass effect
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The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the bloodstream.
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Generic name
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The name given to a drug by the United States Adopted Names Council. Also called the NONPROPRIETARY NAME. The generic name is much shorter and simpler than the chemical name and is not protected by trademark.
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Half-life
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In PHARMACOKINETICS, the time required for half of an administered dose of drug to be eliminated by the body (also called ELIMINATION HALF-LIFE).
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