Pharmacology For Nursing Care, Lehine, 7Th Edition N3170

Front 1

Clinical Pharmacology*

Back 1

the study of drugs in humans

Front 2

Drug

Back 2

any chemical that can effect living processes

Front 3

Therapeutics / Pharmotherapeutics*

Back 3

the use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease or to prevent pregnancy; or, the medical use of drugs

Front 4

Pharmacology

Back 4

the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems

Front 5

Effective

Back 5

an effective drug is one that elicits the responses for which it is given; the most important property a drug can have

Front 6

Safety

Back 6

a drug that cannot produce harmful effects; there is no such thing as a safe drug

Front 7

Selective

Back 7

a drug that elicits only the response for which it is given; there is no such thing as a selective drug

Front 8

Metabolism

Back 8

?

Front 9

Excretion

Back 9

?

Front 10

Chemical Stability

Back 10

the degree to which / whether or not drugs lose effectiveness in storage, put in solution, or lose efficacy in some other way; stability is a property of an ideal drug

Front 11

Pharmodynamics

Back 11

the impact of drugs on the body; pharmodynamic processes determine the nature and intensity of a response

Front 12

Predictable Drug Response

Back 12

difficult to ensure because each patient is unique; in order to maximize predictability we must tailor therapy to an individual

Front 13

Receptor Binding

Back 13

a drug binding to its receptor is the initial step leading to pharmodynamic processes

Front 14

Pharmokinetics

Back 14

The impact of the body on drugs; Four processes that determine how much of an administered dose gets to its site(s) of action;
1) drug absorption 2) drug distribution 3) drug metabolism 4) drug excretion

Front 15

Therapeutic Objective

Back 15

maximum benefit with minimum harm

Front 16

Biologic/Physiologic variations

Back 16

age, weight, gender, etc

Front 17

Receptor Binding

Back 17

a drug binding to its receptor is the initial step leading to pharmodynamic processes

Front 18

Pharmokinetics

Back 18

The impact of the body on drugs; Four processes that determine how much of an administered dose gets to its site(s) of action;
1) drug absorption 2) drug distribution 3) drug metabolism 4) drug excretion

Front 19

Therapeutic Objective

Back 19

maximum benefit with minimum harm

Front 20

Biologic/Physiologic variations

Back 20

age, weight, gender, etc

Front 21

Assessment

Back 21

Step 1 of Nursing Process; collecting data about patient using methods such as patient interview, medical and drug use histories, physical examination, observation and laboratory tests

Front 22

Analysis

Back 22

also, Nursing Diagnoses; Step 2 of the Nursing Process; analysis of database to determine actual and potential health problems that could be physiologic, psychologic or sociologic; consists of a statement of problems or potential problems and a statement of the problem's probably cause or risk factors

Front 23

Planning

Back 23

Step 3 of the Nursing Process; delineation of specific interventions for solving or preventing problems; defines goals, sets priorities, identifies nursing interventions and establishes criteria for evaluating success

Front 24

Implementation

Back 24

Step 4 of Nursing Process; carries out intervention, it may be collaborative (requiring a physician's order) or independent; involves observing and recording outcomes of treatment

Front 25

Evaluation

Back 25

Step 5 of Nursing Process; determine the degree to which treatment has succeeded by analyzing the data collected during implementation; determines what should be continued/discontinued and potential new interventions

Front 26

Nonpharmacologic Measures

Back 26

supportive measures to enhance drug therapy; e.g., enhancing drug therapy for asthma through breathing exercises

Front 27

Patient Adherence

Back 27

the extent to which a patient's behavior coincides with medical advice

Front 28

Preadministration Assessment

Back 28

the beginning of drug therapy; its goals are 1) collect baseline data needed to evaluate therapeutic and adverse responses 2) identify high-risk patients 3) assess the patient's capacity for self-care

Front 29

Rights of Drug Administration

Back 29

drug, patient, dose, route, time, documentation

Front 30

Assessment

Back 30

Step 1 of Nursing Process; collecting data about patient using methods such as patient interview, medical and drug use histories, physical examination, observation and laboratory tests

Front 31

Analysis

Back 31

also, Nursing Diagnoses; Step 2 of the Nursing Process; analysis of database to determine actual and potential health problems that could be physiologic, psychologic or sociologic; consists of a statement of problems or potential problems and a statement of the problem's probably cause or risk factors

Front 32

Planning

Back 32

Step 3 of the Nursing Process; delineation of specific interventions for solving or preventing problems; defines goals, sets priorities, identifies nursing interventions and establishes criteria for evaluating success

Front 33

Implementation

Back 33

Step 4 of Nursing Process; carries out intervention, it may be collaborative (requiring a physician's order) or independent; involves observing and recording outcomes of treatment

Front 34

Evaluation

Back 34

Step 5 of Nursing Process; determine the degree to which treatment has succeeded by analyzing the data collected during implementation; determines what should be continued/discontinued and potential new interventions

Front 35

Nonpharmacologic Measures

Back 35

supportive measures to enhance drug therapy; e.g., enhancing drug therapy for asthma through breathing exercises

Front 36

Patient Adherence

Back 36

the extent to which a patient's behavior coincides with medical advice

Front 37

Preadministration Assessment

Back 37

the beginning of drug therapy; its goals are 1) collect baseline data needed to evaluate therapeutic and adverse responses 2) identify high-risk patients 3) assess the patient's capacity for self-care

Front 38

Rights of Drug Administration

Back 38

drug, patient, dose, route, time, documentation

Front 39

Precaution

Back 39

a pre-existing condition that significantly increases the risk of an adverse reaction to a particular drug, but not to a degree that is life threatening

Front 40

Contraindication

Back 40

a pre-existing condition that precludes use of a particular drug under all but the most desperate circumstances

Front 41

Allergy and Anaphylaxis

Back 41

?

Front 42

Sensitivity and Cross-Sensitivity to Medication

Back 42

?

Front 43

PO

Back 43

?

Front 44

BID

Back 44

?

Front 45

prn

Back 45

?

Front 46

stat

Back 46

?

Front 47

Precaution

Back 47

a pre-existing condition that significantly increases the risk of an adverse reaction to a particular drug, but not to a degree that is life threatening

Front 48

Contraindication

Back 48

a pre-existing condition that precludes use of a particular drug under all but the most desperate circumstances

Front 49

Therapeutic Responses

Back 49

?

Front 50

Sensitivity and Cross Sensivity to Medication

Back 50

?

Front 51

Approved Use of a Drug

Back 51

?

Front 52

Chemical Name

Back 52

a description of a drug using the nomenclature of chemistry

Front 53

Generic Name

Back 53

assigned by the US Adopted Names Council; only one generic name, which is nonpropritary

Front 54

Off-Label Use of a Drug

Back 54

?

Front 55

Investigational Drug

Back 55

?

Front 56

Postmarketing Surveillance

Back 56

Phase 4 of new drug development; drug is released for general use and effects in general population are observed

Front 57

Absoprtion

Back 57

the movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood

Front 58

Bioavailability

Back 58

absorption of the drug / the degree to which drug has been absorbed and is thus available

Front 59

Biotransformation

Back 59

drug metabolism; the enzymatic alteration of drug structure; most metabolism takes place in the liver

Front 60

Chemical Equivalence

Back 60

if multiple drugs contain the same amount of the identical chemical drug

Front 61

Cytochrome P450 System

Back 61

aka, the heptaic microsomal enzyme system; the system that performs drug metabolism in the liver

Front 62

Distribution

Back 62

the movement of drugs throughout the body; determined by blood flow to tissues, the ability of a drug to exit the vascular system and a bit by the ability of a drug to enter cells

Front 63

Enteric Coated Preparations

Back 63

a method or oral preparation; drugs that have been covered with a material designed to dissolve in the intestine but not the stomach (to protect drugs from pepsin and to protect stomach from drugs that can cause gastric discomfort)

Front 64

Enterohepatic Recirculation

Back 64

?

Front 65

Excretion

Back 65

the removal of drugs from the body; mostly through urine, some through bile, but also through breast milk, expired air, sweat and saliva

Front 66

Enteral / Enteral Routes

Back 66

enteral routes of drug administration are through the GI tract

Front 67

First Pass Effect

Back 67

the rapid hepatic inactivation of some oral drugs as they pass through the liver; can happen with drugs that the liver has is extremely good at metabolizing

Front 68

Half Life

Back 68

the time required for the amount of drug in the body to decrease / decline by 50%

Front 69

Hydrophillic / Hydrophobic

Back 69

Water loving / water hating-fearing

Front 70

Induction of Drug Metabolism

Back 70

the stimulation of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes can accelerate the metabolism of the inducing drug and other drugs

Front 71

Ions

Back 71

a charged particle created through ionization (when an acid donates a proton or a base receives a proton)

Front 72

Lipid Soluble

Back 72

can dissolve into lipids, ie, can dissolve directly into the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane

Front 73

Loading Dose

Back 73

a large initial dose given to achieve a plateau / therapeutic level quickly

Front 74

Maintenance Dose

Back 74

the dose given to maintain plateau

Front 75

Metabolism

Back 75

aka, biotransformation; the enzymatic alteration of drug structure

Front 76

Minimum Effective Concentration (MEC)

Back 76

the plasma drug level below which therapeutic effects will not occur

Front 77

Parenteral / Parenteral Routes

Back 77

by injection

Front 78

Pharmokinetics

Back 78

the study of drug movement throughout the body, it also includes drug metabolism and drug excretion; four basic processes- absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion

Front 79

Plateau

Back 79

the point that should be achieved; it's reached after drug administered repeatedly- it usually takes 4 half lives to reach plateau

Front 80

Polar Molecules

Back 80

molecules with an uneven distribution of electric charge but no net charge (equal number of protons and electrons); e.g., water

Front 81

Prodrug

Back 81

a compound that is pharmacologically inactive as administered and then undergoes conversion to active form w/in the body

Front 82

Protein Binding

Back 82

drugs can form reversible bonds to proteins; most common protein this occurs with is albumin, which is so large it never leaves the blood

Front 83

Quaternary

Back 83

quaternary ammonium compounds are molecules that contain at least one atom of nitrogen and ALWAY care a positive charge

Front 84

Sustained Release Preparations

Back 84

capsules filled with tiny spheres that contain the actual drug, and the coating of the spheres dissolve at variable rates; advantageous because they permit a reduction in number of daily doses and producing steady drug levels over an extended time; the disadvantages are that they're expensive and have potential for variable absorption

Front 85

Therapeutic Range

Back 85

lies between the MEC and the toxic concentration; the objective of

Front 86

Toxic Concentration

Back 86

?

Front 87

Affinity

Back 87

the strength of attraction between a drug and its receptor

Front 88

Agonist

Back 88

molecules that activate receptors; they have both affinity and high intrinsic activity

Front 89

Antagonist

Back 89

drugs that prevent receptor activation by endogenous regulatory molecules and by other drugs

Front 90

Competitive

Back 90

aka, surmountable agents, they bind reversibly to receptors

Front 91

Dose-Response Relationship

Back 91

the relationship between the size of an administered dose and the intensity of the response produced; they determine the minimum amount of a drug we can use and the maximum response a drug can elicit and how much we need to increase dosage in order to produce the desired increase in response

Front 92

ED-50

Back 92

the dose required to produce a defined therapeutic response in 50% of the population

Front 93

Intrinsic Activity

Back 93

the ability of a drug to activate a receptor upon binding

Front 94

LD-50

Back 94

the dose that is lethal to 50% of the animals treated

Front 95

Maximal Efficacy

Back 95

the largest effect that a drug can produce; indicated by the height of the dose response curve

Front 96

Competitive Antagonist

Back 96

when drugs compete for the same receptor site but don't potentiate the effects of the drugs; happens when drugs are highly protein bound

Front 97

Noncompetitive Antagonist

Back 97

binds irreversibly to receptors

Front 98

Partial Agonist

Back 98

have only moderate intrinsic activity; can act as agonists if no full agonist present or as antagonists if full agonist present

Front 99

Pharmodynamics

Back 99

the study of biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs and the molecular mechanisms by which those effects are produced

Front 100

Potent

Back 100

a potent drug is one that produces its effects at low levels; potency is not really important

Front 101

Receptor

Back 101

a macromolecule in a cell that a drug binds to; 4 families of receptors are cell membrane-embedded enzymes, ligand-gated ion channels, G protein-coupled receptor systems, and transcription factors

Front 102

Therapeutic Index

Back 102

a measure of a drug's safety; the
LD-50 to ED-50 ratio

Front 103

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) System

Back 103

?

Front 104

Grapefruit Juice Effect

Back 104

can inhibit intestinal metabolism of certain drugs, thereby increasing their absorption which in turn increases their blood levels; can last up to 3 days

Front 105

Induction

Back 105

?

Front 106

Pharmodynamic Interaction

Back 106

can be potentiative or inhibitory; they can act at the same site or act at separate sites

Front 107

Pharmokinetic Interaction

Back 107

may alter the absorption, distribution, metabolism or excretion of the other drug