Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is pharmacology?
|
The study of drugs and how they react with living systems.
|
|
Drug
|
Any chemical that can effect a living process.
|
|
Clinical pharmacology
|
study of drugs in humans, not just in pt w/ health problems but in healthy individuals as well
|
|
pharmacotherapeutics
|
How drugs are used to diagnose prevent or treat disease, also how medications are used to prevent pregnancy (infertility is a disorder so it is under the disease category).
|
|
Most important property of an 'ideal' drug.
|
Effective - if it doesn't work nothing else really matters, even if it is safe.
|
|
Ideal Drug
|
effective, safe, selective, reversible, predictable, minimal drug interactions, minimal adverse effects, minimal side effects etc...
|
|
What determines how much of a drug gets to a receptor cite within the body? – several factors determine how moved through body
o Absorption o Distribution o Metabolism o Excretion |
pharmacokinetics
|
|
Once drug is at the receptor site, what determines what effect the drug will have on the body?
|
pharmacodynamics
|
|
name some roles of nurses in drug therapy...
|
1. preadministrationinistration assessment
2. dosage and 3. administrationinistration 4. evaluating and promoting the therapeutic effects 5. minimize adverse effects – ie. Side effects 6. minimize adverse reactions – ie. Drug interactions 7. making prn decision |
|
What are the 5 rights of drug administration?
|
Right Patient
Right Drug Right Dose Right Route Right Time oh and if you don't know what it is or what it does - don't give it... |
|
Schedule one
|
opiates
opiate derivatives:like heroin, morphine hallucinogens: peyote, mescaline, marihuana there are many listed on fda's website... www.fda.gov/opacom/laws/ |
|
schedule II
|
opium and opium salts,
Coca and all it's derivitives-cocaine opiates: methadone, fentanyl, dihydrocodeine methamphetamine injectables |
|
schedule III
|
amphetamines, phenmetrazine
|
|
What determines how much of a drug gets to a receptor cite within the body?
|
Pharmacokinetics:
Absorption o Distribution o Metabolism o Excretion |
|
once drug is at the receptor site – what determines what effect the drug will have on the body
|
Pharmacodynamics
|
|
What factors influence a drugs intensity?
|
Administration
pharmacokinetics pharmacodynamics individual variations |
|
What is the main goal of pharmacologic treatment?
|
Provide the maximum benefit with the minimum drug therapy.
|
|
Why are infants under one year at high risk when treating with drugs?
|
Their liver and renal systems are not fully matured until about 12 mos.
|
|
Why are the elderly at risk in drug therapy?
|
Their organs have begun to deteriorate from age.
|
|
many drugs have more than one use
|
ex. Lanoxin and Digoxin lower HR but also effects the squeeze.
|
|
Name some ways to reduce adverse effects
|
ID high risk pt - monitor closely
know the adverse effects and when they will occur know early warning s/s intervene when they occur |
|
name some ways to reduce adverse interactions
|
find out what drugs they are on
know the drug interactions take a THOROUGH drug history assess allergy history |
|
prn?
|
pro re nata
as needed |
|
educate patient
|
drug's generic and trade name
family of drug dosage when to take it route technique-any special instrxn how to store drug to drug interactions drug to food interactions |
|
What we have to know on each drug:
|
class
intended therapeutic effect how effect is achieved side effects and adverse reactions contraindications and cautions examples of drugs - brand & generic specific nursing axn rt class of drug |
|
controlled drug act of 1970 did what?
|
set rule for manufacture and distribution of drugs w/ potential abuse.
|
|
list the 5 schedules for degrees of abuse
|
i- heroin, cocaine, marijuana
ii oxycodone, percoset, morphine iii benzo's, zanax, hydrocodone iv tallisan, darvoset v ? he did not list any... |
|
chemical name
|
chemical description of the drug
|
|
generic name
|
assigned by the US adopted names council USANC
|
|
trade name
|
proprietary or brand name
|
|
statin
|
cholesterol med
|
|
pharmacokinetics
|
how drugs are moved through the body
|
|
drug moved from site of administration into the blood stream
|
absorption
|
|
drug movement from the blood to the interstitial space of tissues and from there into cells.
|
distribution
|
|
enzymatically mediated alteration of drug structure
|
metabolism = biotransformation
|
|
movement of drugs and their metabolites out of the body
|
excretion
|
|
what efects absorption
|
rate of dissolution
surface area blood flow lipid solubility pH partitioning |
|
rate of dissolution
|
of more easily dissolved will increase the absorption rate
|
|
absorption rate vs amount...
|
Absorption: rate of absorption effects how fast will work Amt. absorbed determines how much effects
|
|
surface area?
|
the larger the surface area the faster the rate of absorption (more effective but not faster)– small intestine (30ft of intestine). Oral disintegrating are very fast w/n 8 min. IM takes 15-20 min.
|
|
Blood flow and absorption
|
drugs are absorbed faster in areas of high blood flow
|
|
lipid sol and absorption?
|
o Lipid solubility: highly lipid soluble drugs absorbed more rapidly
Prime example- Diprivan knocks out a pt on a vent – mother’s milk. Titrate it up a little |
|
What does pH have to do w/ absorption?
|
o pH partitioning: acid/base attraction increases absorption
|
|
What is enteral?
|
GI tract - po
|
|
what is parenteral?
|
outside the GI- sc, im, iv
|
|
what is the barrier in PO meds?
|
epithelial lining--> capillary walls -->blood stream
|
|
advantages of po?
|
easy administration, inexpensive, safer than parenteral, possible to reverse absorption (charcoal)
|
|
disadvantages of po?
|
variable rate
inactivates as it passes through GI pt requirements: have to be able to take PO... |
|
enteric coating
|
saves the absorption until reaches small intestine
|
|
sustained release?
|
allows for more consistent drug levels - slowly brks down
|
|
iv - no barrier to absorption -
|
advantages of iv: rapid onset, administration of large amt of fluids w/ drug (dilute), complete administration of drug, can regulate easier
|
|
iv disadvantages
|
increased cost, diff in administering, fluid overload, IRREVERSIBLE, infection at site, air embolism, sediment can embolize when meds not mixed well,
|
|
How long should all drugs IV be pushed
|
over one full minute: dilutes through the blood stream - it takes a minute for the blood to cycle in body. that way you don't over load the heart with a heavy dose of a drug.
|
|
IM barriers
|
capillary lining
|
|
IM rate of absorption
|
faster than po not as fast as iv
|
|
disadv/adv of IM or SC injxn
|
no embolism, deliver of slow period of time possible - depo
pain, inconvenience, nerve dmg |
|
topical absorption
|
absorbed into skin, capillaries then blood.
|
|
inhaled absorption
|
fast absorbing b/c air sacs in lungs to capillaries
|
|
suppository absorption
|
faster than PO
considered a PO med |
|
What determines distribution?
|
blood flow to tissues, exit the vascular sys, and entering cells
|