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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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a(with a line above the letter)
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before
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"antes"
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aa, aa(with a line above the letters)
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of each
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two letters mirror "each" other.
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a.c.
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before meals
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"antes comer"
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ad. lib.
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as desired, freely
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"with liberty"
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a.m., AM
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morning, before noon
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M for morning
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amp
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ampule
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a small glass vial containing solutions for hypodermic injection
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aq
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aqueous, water
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liquid form
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b.i.d., bid
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twice a day
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bi=twice
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b.i.w., biw
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twice a week
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bi=twice
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c(with a line above the letter)
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with
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"con" in Spanish="with" in English
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c(witout the line)
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cup
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cap, caps
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capsule
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CD
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controlled dose
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CR
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controlled release
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dil.
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dilute
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DS
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double strength
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EC
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enteric coated
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elix.
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elixir
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a sweetened aromatic solution of alcohol and water containing, or used as a vehicle for, medicinal substances
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fl, fld.
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fluid
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gt, GT
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gastrostomy tube
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gt is not the same as gtt!
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gtt
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drop
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1 mL=15 (16)minims=15 (16)drops(gtts)
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h, hr
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hour
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ID
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intradermal
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D for dermis
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IM
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intramuscular
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M for muscle
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IV
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intravenous
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V for veins
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IVPB
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intravenous piggyback
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IVSS
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intravenous soluset
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KVO
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keep vein open(a very slow infusion rate)
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LA
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long-acting
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LOS
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length of stay
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min
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minute
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mix
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mixture
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NGT, ng
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nasogastric tube
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noc, noct
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at night
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noct=nocturnal
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n.p.o., NPO
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nothing by mouth
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Nada Per Oral
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NS, N/S
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normal saline
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o.n.
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every night
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"otra nocturna"
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os
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mouth
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p(with a line above the letter)
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after
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post
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p.c.
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after meals
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post comer
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per
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through or by
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p.m., PM
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evening, before midnight
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p.r.
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by rectum
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per rectum
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p.r.n.
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when necessary/required, as needed
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q.
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every, each
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q.a.m
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every morning
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q.h., qh
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every hour
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q2h, q4h, q6h, q8h, q12h
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every 2hours, every 4hours, every 6hours, every 8hours, every 12 hours
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qhs, q.h.s.
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every night at bedtime
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s=snooze time
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q.i.d., qid
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4 times a day
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quatro in dia
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q.s.
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a sufficient amount/as much as needed/quantities sufficient
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quantity sufficient
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rect
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rectum
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s(with a line above the letter)
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without
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subcut, subQ
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subcutaneous
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under the skin
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sl, SL
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sublingual
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under the tongue
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sol, soln
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solution
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s.o.s.
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once if necessary
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solo o sufficient
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SR
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sustained release
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S&S
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swish & swallow
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stat, STAT
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immediately, at once
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supp
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suppository
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susp
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suspension
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syp, syr
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syrup
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tab
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tablet
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t.i.d., tid
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three times a day
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tres in dia
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tr., tinct
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tincture
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a solution of alcohol or of alcohol and water, containing animal, vegetable or chemical drugs
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ung., oint
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ointment
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vag, v
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vaginally
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x
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times
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XL
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long acting
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XL=LA
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XR
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extended release
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U
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stands for "unit"= DO NOT USE-mistaken as zero, four, or cc. Write "unit."
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IU
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stands for "international unit"=DO NOT USE-mistaken as IV(intravenous) or 10(ten). Write "international unit."
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q.d., q.o.d.
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once daily, every other day=DO NOT USE-mistaken as one or the other in definition. Write "daily" and "every other day"
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trailing zero, lack of leading zero
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DO NOT USE-decimal point is missed. Never write a zero by itself after a decimal point(X mg), and always use a zero before a decimal point (0.X mg).
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supp
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suppository
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susp
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suspension
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syp, syr
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syrup
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tab
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tablet
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t.i.d., tid
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three times a day
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tres in dia
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tr., tinct
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tincture
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a solution of alcohol or of alcohol and water, containing animal, vegetable or chemical drugs
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ung., oint
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ointment
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vag, v
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vaginally
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x
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times
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XL
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long acting
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XL=LA
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XR
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extended release
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U
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stands for "unit"= DO NOT USE-mistaken as zero, four, or cc. Write "unit."
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IU
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stands for "international unit"=DO NOT USE-mistaken as IV(intravenous) or 10(ten). Write "international unit."
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q.d., q.o.d.
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once daily, every other day=DO NOT USE-mistaken as one or the other in definition. Write "daily" and "every other day"
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trailing zero, lack of leading zero
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DO NOT USE-decimal point is missed. Never write a zero by itself after a decimal point(X mg), and always use a zero before a decimal point (0.X mg).
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MS, MSO4, MgS04
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DO NOT USE-often confused for one another. Write "morphine sulfate" or "magnesium sulfate."
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dr
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dram
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1 dram=grains 60
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g
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gram
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kg
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kilogram
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L
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liter
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m
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minim
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mcg
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microgram
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mEq
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milliequivalent
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mg
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milligram
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mL
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milliliter
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oz
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ounce
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1 oz=2 tbs=6 tsp=30 mL
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pt
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pint
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1 pt=16 oz=500 mL
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qt
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quart
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1 qt=2 pt=32 oz=1000mL=1 L
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T, tbs
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tablespoon
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1 T=3 tsp=1/2 oz=15 mL
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t, tsp
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teaspoon
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1 t=5 mL
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c, C (without the line above the letter)
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cup
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gr
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grain
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gr 1=60 mg
gr 15=1 g=1000mg ###Remember the clock!15=1/4, 30=1/2, 45=3/4, 60=1### |
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PHARMACOKINETICS
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the study of drug movement throughout the body; describes how the body handles medications
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WHAT ARE THE FOUR CATEGORIES OF PHARMACOKINETICS?
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absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion
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pharmacological classification
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addresses a drug's mechanism of action, or how a drug produces its effect in the body; it is more specific than a therapeutic classification and requires an understanding of biochemistry & physiology.
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therapeutic classification
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clearly states what a particular drug does clinically and is based on the drug's usefulness in treating a particular disease. Example: antihypertensive, antihistamine, etc
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chemical name
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assigned using standard nomenclature est. by IUPAC; each drug has only one chemical name.
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generic name
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assigned by the US Adopted Council; less complicated than the chemical name; there is only one generic name for each drug; decribes the active ingredient of the drug.
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trade name
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assigned by the company marketing the drug; usually selected to be short & easy to remember; aka the proprietary product or brand name.
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combination drug
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contains more than one active generic ingredient
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bioavailability
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the physiological ability of the drug to reach its target cells and produce its effect; may be affected by iner ingredients and tablet compression(crushing).
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negative formulary list
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a list of trade-name drugs that pharmacists may not dispense as generic drugs.
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addiction
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refers to the overwhelming feeling that drives someone to use a drug repeatedly.
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dependence
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a physiological or psychological need for a substance
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physical dependence
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refers to an altered physical condition caused by the adaptation of the nervous system to repeated drug use
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withdrawal
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physical signs of discomfort when the drug is no longer available to the body
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psychological dependence
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an intense compelling desire to continue drug use
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scheduled drugs
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drugs that are classified according to their potential for abuse: Schedule I drugs have the highest potential and Schedule V drugs have the lowest potential for abuse.
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Schedule I Drugs
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have the highest potential for abuse; have little or no therapeutic value or are intended for research purposes only.
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Schedule V Drugs
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have the lowest potential for abuse; the only category in which some drugs may be dispensed w/o a prescription because the quantities of the controlled drug are so low that the possibility of causing dependence is extremely low.
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Shcedule II Drugs
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requires special order form by the dispensing entity to obtain this category of drugs; order must be written and signed by teh HCP; refills are not permitted w/o client seeing the HCP first.
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anaphylaxis
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acute allergic response to an antigen that results in severe hypotension and may lead to life-threatening shock if untreated
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hypotension & may be life-threatening
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ASAP order
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as soon as possible order that should be available for administration to the patient within 30 minutes of the written order
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30 minutes
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enteral route
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drugs given orally, and those administered through nasogastric or gastrostomy tubes
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passes through the GI system
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parenteral route
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dispensing of medications via a needle into the skin layers
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bypases the GI system
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routine order
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orders not written as STAT, ASAP, NOW, or PRN
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single order
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medication that is to be given only once, and at a specific time, such as a preoperative order
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standing order
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order written in advance of a situation, which is to be carried out under specific circumstances
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absorption
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the process of moving a drug across body membranes
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moving across membranes
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conjugates
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side chains that, during metabolism, make drugs more water soluble and more easily excreted by the kidney
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the more water soluble a drug is the more it's easily excreted by the kidneys
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distribution
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the process of transporting drugs through the body
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transporting
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drug-protein complex
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drug that has bound reversibly to plasma proteins, particularly albumin, that makes the drug unavailable for distribution to body tissues
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makes drug unavailable for distribution
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enterohepatic recirculation
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recycling of drugs and other substances by the circulation of bile through the intestine and liver
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enzyme induction
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process in which a drug changes the function of the hepatic microsomal enzymes and increases metabolic activity in the liver
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induce=induction>>>increase metabolic activity
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first-pass effect
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mechanism whereby drugs are absorbed across the intestinal wall and enter into the hepatic portal circulation
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loading dose
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comparatively large dose given at the beginning of treatment to rapidly obtain the therapeutic effect of a drug
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maintenance dose
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dose that keeps the plasma drug concentration continuously in the therapeutic range
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plasma half-life
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the length of time required for a drug to decrease its concentration in the plasma by one-half after administration
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prodrug
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drug that becomes more active after it is metabolized
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agonist
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drug that is capable of binding with receptors to induce a cellular response
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antagonist
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drug that blocks the response of another drug
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partial agonist
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medication that produces a weaker, or less efficacious, response than an agonist
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benzodiazepines
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major class of drugs used to treat anxiety disorders
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