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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Anastrozole?
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A third generation, non-steroidal aromatase (CYP19) inhibitor used for treating breast cancer
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Most first generation H1 blockers exert ______-like effects.
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atropine
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Why is diphenoxylate mixed with atropine?
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The negative side-effects of atropine discourage the abuse of this drug for its CNS effects.
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What is Azathioprine?
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A purine analog used as an immunosuppresive.
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What is bisacodyl used for?
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It is administered as an enteric or suppository and directly stimulates peristaltic movement in the GI to increase motility.
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What is bleomycin?
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A glycopeptide antibiotic that causes oxidative DNA damage and is used to treat squamous cell, testicular, ovarian, bladder, and Hodgkin's tumors.
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What is the most important toxicity of bleomycin?
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Pulmonary toxicity (5-10%) leading to death (1%).
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What is Bortezomib?
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A proteasome inhibitor that is used to treat multiple myeloma.
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What are pharmacologically important aspects of caffeine?
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It causes mild bronchodilation and used to treat apnea in newborns.
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Broadly speaking, what class of drugs does carmustine belong to?
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Alkylating agents.
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What is an important property of carmustine related to its therapeutic use?
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Carmustine crosses the CNS and therefore is used to treat brain tumors such as malignant gliomas.
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What is castor oil?
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Direct stimulation of peristaltic movement of the intestine increasing motility in as little as 1-3 hours.
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What is chlorpheniramine?
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A first generation H1 blocker which has CNS side effects.
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What is cromolyn?
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A mast cell stabilizer used to prevent asthma attacks in asthmatics.
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What is cyclosporin?
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A commonly used immunosuppressive drug which inhibits calcineurin, thereby decreasing T-cell activation.
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What is cyproterone?
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A steroidal androgen receptor antagonist used to treat prostate cancer.
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What is an alternative name for cytarabine?
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Cytosine arabinoside.
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What is cytarabine and what is it used for?
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A pyrimidine (cytidine) analog incorporated into DNA during replication (S-phase specific) that is used to treat leukemia.
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What is daclizumab?
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An antibody against the IL-2 receptor of lymphocytes which is used in kidney transplantation.
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What is dactinomycin?
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The first anticancer antibiotic that blocks DNA/RNA synthesis by intercalating.
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How does resistance against dactinomycin develop?
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By the multi-drug resistance transporter (P-glycoprotein).
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What is dalfopristin?
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A streptogramin A which prevents binding of aa-tRNA to the ribosome, thereby blocking peptide bond formation.
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What is an important synergistic quality of dalfopristin?
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Although independently bacteriostatic, when combined with the streptogramin B, Quinupristin, they are bacteriocidal.
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What is Dimenhydrinate?
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A first generation H1 blocker with CNS side effects.
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What is Diphenhydramine?
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A first generation H1 blocker with CNS side effects.
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What are H1 antagonists commonly used to treat?
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Allergic reactions and motion sickness.
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What is diphenoxylate used to treat?
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It is an antimotility drug that is used to treat severe diarrhea.
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What is docetaxel?
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A taxane that interfers with microtubule formation and is used to treat a variety of solid tumors.
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What is domperidone?
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A centrally acting D2 antagonist that is used to reduce nausea associated with cytotoxic drugs.
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What is doxorubicin?
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An anthracycline with a broad spectrum of therapeutic uses against cancers.
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How does resistance develop against anthracycline?
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By the multi-drug resistance transporter (P-glycoprotein).
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What is efalizumab?
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An antibody against CD11a present on leukocytes.
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How can you identify whether an antibody is targeted towards leukocytes?
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Look for the "li" in the name.
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What is efavirenz?
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The preferred non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) used in combination with other drugs to treat HIV.
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What is erlotinib?
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A protein kinase inhibitor that specifically inhibits epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and is used as a second choice in lung cancer.
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What is etoposide?
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It forms a ternary complex with DNA and topoisomerase II causing the accumulation of DNA breaks. It is used to treat leukemias and some solid tumors.
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How does resistance against etoposide develop?
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By the multi-drug resistance transporter (P-glycoprotein).
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What is 5-fluorouracil?
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A pyrimidine analog that inhibits thymidylate synthase and is incoporated into DNA. It is used to treat solid tumors.
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What is special about 5-fluorouracil?
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It is cell cycle non-specific which may be a result of its thymidylate synthase inhibition which could effect RNA synthesis during all phases of the cell cycle.
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What is fulvestrant?
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A pure anti-estrogen used to treat breast cancer by blocking estrogen receptors, causing both their down-regulation and degradation.
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What is formestane?
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A second generation steroidal aromatase inactivator used to treat breast cancer.
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What is foscarnet?
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A pyrophosphate analog inhibiting DNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase used to treat herpesvirus and HIV.
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What is gefitinib?
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A protein kinase inhibitor selective for EGFR and used as a second choice for lung cancer.
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What is gemcitabine?
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A pyrimidine analog incorporated into DNA and used to treat solid and metastatic tumors.
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Which three drugs on the drug list are transported by the multi-drug resistance protein (P-glycoprotein)?
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Doxorubicin, dactinomycin, and etoposide.
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What is goserelin?
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A GnRH analog which decreases production of gonadotropin thereby decreasing estrogen production. It is used in treating breast cancer.
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What is hydroxyzine?
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A first generation H1 blocker with CNS side effects.
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Which of the following H1 blockers do not have significant CNS side effects:
A. Chlorpheniramine B. Diphenhydramine C. Dimenhydrinate D. Hydroxyzine E. Loratadine F. Promehtazine |
E. Loratadine
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All drugs whose name ends with "navir" inhibit what?
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HIV protease. Remember that "indinavir" is misspelled on the exam as "indinovir".
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What is infliximab?
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An antibody against TNF-alpha used to treat Rheumatoid arthritis.
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What is irinotecan?
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A topoisomerase I inhibitor used to treat colon cancer.
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What is isoproterenol?
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A non-selective beta agonist causing chronotropy, ionotrophy, and bronchodilation.
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What is kaolin?
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A bulk forming agent.
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What is leuprolide?
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A GnRH analog blocking gonadotropin production and leading to decreased estrogen synthesis. Used in treating breast cancer.
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What is lomustine?
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Analogous to carmustine, it is an alkylating agent (nitrosourea) which crosses into the CNS and thus can be used to treat brain tumors.
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What is loperamide?
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A drug that decreases motility and secretion and used to treat severe diarrhea.
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What is loratidine?
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The only second generation H1 blocker on the drug list. Importantly there are no CNS side effects of these H1 blockers.
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What is meclizine?
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An H1 receptor blocker with some CNS side effects.
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What is megestrol?
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A steroidal androgen receptor blocker used in treating prostate cancer.
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What is Metaproterenol?
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A moderately selective beta-2 agonist that causes bronchodilation and is used to treat asthma.
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What is methotrexate?
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A folic acid analog that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, thereby disrupting thymidilate synthesis. It is used to treat cancers and leukemias.
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What is metoclopromide?
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A D2 antagonist that is used to treat GERD and to decrease nausea associated with cytotoxic drugs.
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What is mineral oil?
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A non-digestible hydrocarbon that has a purely lubricating effect used for constipation.
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What is misoprostol?
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A synthetic analog of PGE1 which prevents NSAID induced mucosal injuries. Incorrectly spelled on the exam as "Misoprostil".
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What is montelukast?
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A leukotriene receptor (cys-LT1) antagonist used to treat asthma.
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What is muromonab?
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An antibody against peripheral CD3+ T-cells used in organ transplantation.
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What is amalizumab?
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An antibody against IgE antibody used to treat asthma.
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What is omeprazole?
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A proton pump inhibitor.
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What is a significant drug interaction for omeprazole?
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It inhibits CYP2C19 thereby increasing warfarin, diazepam and cyclosporin.
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What is ondansetron?
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A 5-HT3 receptor antagonist used to decrease nausea associated with cytotoxic drugs.
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What is oseltamivir?
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A neuramidase inhibitor used to treat and prevent influenza A and B infections.
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What is paclitaxel?
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A taxane that interfers with microtubule formation and used to treat a variety of solid tumors
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What is paregoric?
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A drug used to treat severe diarrhea.
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What is pentamidine used for?
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To treat Pneumocystis jirovecki, Leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis.
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What is praziquantel used for?
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To treat intestinal tapeworm and trematode infections.
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What is prednisone?
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A glucocorticoid that inhibits lymphocytes and is used to treat lymphocytic leukemias (ALL, CLL, Hodgkin's, MM).
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What is procarbazine?
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It is a mono-functional alkylating agent (mehtylhydrazine class) used in Hodgkin's and brain tumors.
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What is promethazine?
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An H1 antagonist with CNS side effects. Used to treat allergies and motion sickness.
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What is propranolol?
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A non-selective beta-blocker used to treat hypertension.
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What is the importance of prostaglandin inhibition by NSAIDs in cytoprotection in the GI?
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NSAIDs inhibit PG synthesis thereby leading to a reduction in secretion of mucin and bicarbonate.
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What is psyllium?
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A bulk-forming agent.
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What is ranitidine?
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An H2 blocker that reduces acid secretion.
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What is a possible drug interaction of ranitidine?
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Ranitidine inhibits CYPs, so should carefully monitor warfarin.
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What is ritodrine?
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A highly beta-2 selective agonist used for premature labor.
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What is ritonavir?
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An HIV protease inhibitor.
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What is salmeterol?
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A long-acting beta-2 selective agonist used in treating asthma.
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What is saquinavir?
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An HIV protease inhibitor.
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What is scopolamine?
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An anticholinergic (M-specific) drug used for treating motion sickness.
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What is sucralfate?
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A sulfated polysaccharide used to treat and prevent ulcers.
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What is temsirolimus?
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A protein kinase inhibitor.
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What is teniposide?
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An anticancer drug that forms a ternary complex with DNA/Topoisomerase II and causes DNA breaks. It is used to treat ALL and some solid tumors.
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What is terbutaline?
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A short-acting beta-2 selective agonist used to treat asthma.
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What is terfenadine?
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An H1 blocker that has been withdrawn from the market.
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What two very different scenarios might thalidomide be used for?
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To treat multiple myeloma or to treat leprosy.
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What does theophylline do?
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It causes bronchodilation by inhibiting cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (cAMPase/cGMPase) and antagonizing adenosine receptors.
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What does topotecan do?
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It inhibits topoisomerase I and is used to treat ovarian and breast cancer.
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What is trimethoprim?
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A dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor used to treat urinary tract infections.
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What is vincristine?
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It is a vinca alkaloid that disrupts formation of the mitotic spindle in M-phase. It is used in a variety of leukemias and solid tumors.
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What does vorinostat do?
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It inhibits histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes.
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What does zafirlukast do?
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It antagonizes leukotriene receptors (cys-LT1), causing bronchodilation useful in treating asthma.
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What is zalcitabine used for?
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It is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used to treat HIV.
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What is zidovudine used for?
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It is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used to treat HIV.
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What is zileuton?
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An inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase, preventing leukotriene synthesis and inducing bronchodilation useful for treating asthma.
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