Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Any chemical that can affect living processes
|
Drug
|
|
|
The study of drugs and their interactions with living systems
|
Pharmacology
|
|
|
The study of drugs in humans
|
Clinical pharmacology
|
|
|
the use of drugs to diagnose, prevent or treat disease or to prevent pregnancy or the medical use of drugs
|
Therapeutics
|
|
|
Properties of an ideal drug
|
Effectiveness, safety and selectivity
|
|
|
Process that determines how much of an administered dose gets to its sites of action
|
Pharmacokinetics
|
|
|
Processes that determine the nature and intensity of the response
|
Pharmacodynamics
|
|
|
Is there any such thing as a safe drug?
|
no
|
|
|
What is the objective of drug therapy?
|
to provide maximum benefit with minimum harm
|
|
|
What was the first american law to regulate drugs
|
Federal Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
|
|
|
What did the first law regulate?
|
testing for toxicity
|
|
|
The Harris-Kefauver were the first admendments to do what?
|
Proof that a drug was effective; that drugs actually be of some benefit
|
|
|
The development and testing of new drugs takes about how long?
|
6 to 12 years only 1 in 5 actually gains approval
|
|
|
What is the most reliable way to objectively assess drug therapies?
|
Randomized controlled trials (RCT)'s
|
|
|
What are the two principal steps in new drug development?
|
preclinical testing and clinical testing
|
|
|
During which stage are drugs evaluated for toxicities, pharmacokinetic properties and potentially useful biologic effects?
|
Preclinical
|
|
|
Clinical trials occur in how many phases?
|
4
|
|
|
Are drugs every released to the general public during clinical trials?
|
Yes during stage 4 postmarketing surveillance
|
|
|
Why is there very limited information on drug effects on woman and children?
|
until recently very little drug testing was done in women
and children |
|
|
Why does testing not detect all adverse effects of a new drug?
|
1)a relatively small number of patients are given the drug
2)patients are carefully selected they do not represent the full specturm of individuals who will eventually take the drug and 3)patients in trials take the drug for a relatively short time. |
|
|
Drugs have three types of names
|
a chemical name, a generic or nonproprietary name and a trade or proprietary name
|
|
|
Which drug name constitutes a description of a drug using the nomenclature of chemistry?
|
Chemical Name
|
|
|
What names are assigned by the United States Adopted Names Council?
|
Generic Names or nonproprietary
|
|
|
Names under which drugs are marketed?
|
Trade names or proprietary or brand names
|
|
|
Are all FDA-approved generic products therapeutically equivalent to their brand name counterparts
|
Yes
|
|
|
The controlled substances Act, passed in 1970 set rules for the manufactures and distribution of what drugs
|
Drugs considered to have potential for abuse
|
|
|
Each drug has only one generic name but can have how many trade names?
|
Many
|
|
|
What are the three systems used by health professionals
|
Metric, apothecary and the household systems
|
|
|
All prescriptions should be written with which system?
|
Metric
|
|
|
What are the three essential parameters of measurement that are associated with the prescription and administration of drugs within each system of measurement?
|
Weight, Volume, and Length
|
|
|
This is the most utilized parameter of measurement
|
Weight
|
|
|
This usually refers to liquids
|
Volume
|
|
|
What are the prefered measures for weight, they are the most accurate
|
Gram and Milligram
|
|
|
What are the primary units of measurement in the metric system?
|
Gram for weight, liter for volume, and meter for length.
|
|
|
This is one millionth of the base unit
|
Micro
|
|
|
this is one thousandth of the base unit
|
milli
|
|
|
this is one hundredth of the base unit
|
centi
|
|
|
this is one tenth of the base unit
|
deci
|
|
|
this is one thousand base units
|
Kilo
|
|
|
g
|
gram
|
|
|
mg
|
milligram
|
|
|
mcg
|
microgram
|
|
|
kg
|
kilogram
|
|
|
L
|
liter
|
|
|
mL
|
milliliter
|
|
|
m
|
meter
|
|
|
cm
|
centimeter
|
|
|
mm
|
millimeter
|
|
|
When do we use a leading zero?
|
to emphasize the decimal pint for fractional amounts less than 1
|
|
|
This was the first system of medication measurement used by pharmacists and physicians
|
apothecary
|
|
|
This system utilizes roman numerals
|
apothecary
|
|
|
The unit for dosage calculation in the apothecary system is
|
gr grain
|
|
|
These are special measured quantities expressed in Arabic numbers
|
internationl unit, unit and milliunit
|
|
|
When effects of a drug occur at the site of applicatoin this is called?
|
local effect
|
|
|
when the drug must be absorbed into the bloodstream before it can be distributed to a distant location
|
systemic effect
|
|
|
When a drug is swallowed and absorbed from the stomach or small intestine
|
oral route
|
|
|
When drugs are given directly into the stomach or intestine, (e.g. through a nasogastric or gastrostomy tube)
|
enteral
|
|
|
When drug is held under the tongue and absorbed
|
Sublingual
|
|
|
When medication is held against mucous membranes of cheek until it dissolves
|
buccal
|
|
|
Drug acts locally or is absorbed directly through skin
|
Topical (skin)
|
|
|
the drug is placed into a body cavity
|
Topical (instillations)
|
|
|
a device breaks the drug into finely dispersed particles, which are breathed into the respiratory passages
|
Topical (inhalation)
|
|
|
Injections
|
Parenteral
|
|
|
Types of Parenteral
|
Intravenous, Intramuscular, Subcutaneous, Intradermal, Intraspinal, Intrathecal (into subarachnoid space)and Epidural
|
|
|
To convert to a smaller unit you must
|
Multiply
|
|
|
to convert to a larger unit you must
|
divide
|
|
|
When you multiply you are moving the decimal point which direction
|
right
|
|
|
When you divide you are moving the decimal point which direction
|
left
|
|
|
The standard 3mL syringe is calibrated in ?
|
Tenths of a mL
|
|
|
The 1mL syringe is calibrated in ?
|
hundredths of a mL
|
|
|
How many times do you check the drug label before giving medication to the patient?
|
3 times
|
|
|
What is a lot number used for?
|
the FDA requires a lot number so if there is a recall
|
|
|
the National Drug code or NDC is like a persons
|
social security number for drugs
|
|
|
By law what name must be indentified on all drug labels?
|
generic name
|
|
|
By what metric parameters is dosage strength referred
|
milligrams
|
|
|
Name two forms by which injectable medications may be supplied
|
solution or dry powdered
|
|
|
What does supply dosage refer to?
|
both dosage strength and form
X measured units per some quantity |
|
|
What is the study of drug movement throughout the body?
|
Pharmacokinetics
|
|
|
What are the four processes of pharmacokinetics?
|
absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
|
|
|
What is the definition of elemination?
|
combination of metabolism and excretion
|
|
|
The movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood
|
absorption
|
|
|
movement of a drug from the blood to the interstitial space of tissues and from there into cells
|
distribution
|
|
|
enzymatically mediated alteration of the drugs structure
|
metabolism
|
|
|
movement of drugs and their metabolites out of the body
|
excretion
|
|
|
What does the rate of absorption determine?
|
how soon effects will begin
|
|
|
What does the amount of absorption help determine
|
how intense effects will be
|
|
|
What five factors affect drug absorption?
|
Rate of dissolution, surface area, blood flow, lipid solubility and pH partitioning
|
|
|
Explain how the rate of the dissolution can affect drug absorption?
|
before it can be absorbed it must first dissolve
|
|
|
Explain how the surface area available can affect drug absorption?
|
the larger the surface area the faster absorption will be
|
|
|
Explain how blood flow can affect drug absorption
|
more rapid from sites where blood flow is high, blood containing newly absorbed drugs will be replaced rapidly by drug free blood, maintaining a large gardient, causing rapid absorption
|
|
|
Explain why highly lipid-soluble drugs are absorbed more rapidly than drugs whose lipid solubility is low
|
lipid soluble drugs can readily cross the membrances that separate them from the blood
|
|
|
Explain how pH partitioning can influence drug absorption
|
Absorption will be enhanced when the difference between the pH of plasma and the pH at the site of administration is such that drug molecules will have a greater tendency to be ionized in the plasma
|
|
|
Define enteral
|
via the gastrointestinal [GI] tract
|
|
|
What is the literal and common definition of parenteral
|
literal-outside the GI tract
Common-by injection |
|
|
Name the three principal parenteral routes of administration
|
intravenous, subcutaneous, and intramuscular
|
|
|
What are the four advantages of intravenous administration?
|
Rapid onset, control, use of large fluid volumes, and use of irritant drugs
|
|
|
What are the five disadvantages of intravenous administration?
|
High cost, difficulty and inconvenience, irreversibility, fluid overload, infections and embolism
|
|
|
What two factors can affect the rate of absorption when giving a drug by the IM route?
|
Water solubility of the drug and blood flow to the site of injection
|
|
|
What are two advantages to using the intramuscular route instead of the intravenous route
|
poorly soluble drugs and deposit preparations (preparations from which the drug is absorbed slowly over an extended time.
|
|
|
what are 2 disadvantages to using the intramuscular route instead of the IV route to the oral route
|
discomfort and inconvenience
|
|
|
How does the subcutaneous route compare to the intramuscular route?
|
nearly identical
|
|
|
What is the major barrier to absorption when drugs are given orally
|
epithelial cells that line the GI tract
|
|
|
Name 6 factors that can affect the rate and extent of absorption of drugs administered orally
|
solubility and stablility of the drug, gastric and intestinal pH, gastric emptying time, food in the gut, coadministration of other drugs, special coatings on the drug preparation
|
|
|
When a drug is swallowed and absorbed in the GI tract, what organ must it pass through in order to enter the general circulation?
|
Liver
|
|
|
What are the 2 major advantages of the oral route
|
convenient and inexpensive
|
|
|
4 disadvantages to using oral route
|
Variability of absorption, inactivation, complience of patient, local irritation of GI tract
|
|
|
If two drugs contain the same amount of identical chemical compounds they are said to be?
|
Chemical Equivalences
|
|
|
When chemical equivalence drugs absorb at the same rate and to the same extent they are?
|
Bioavailablity
|
|
|
How may two tablets that contain the same drug differ?
|
Made by different manufacturers can differ in their rates of disintegration and dissolution
|
|
|
What are the two general purposes for the use of enteric coated tablets
|
to protect drugs from acid and pepsin in the stomach and to protect the stomach from drugs that can cause gastric discomfort
|
|
|
Describe how sustained release capsules work to vary the release of the drug throughout the day
|
Capsules contain spheres that have coatings that dissolve at variable rates
|
|
|
Name two advantages for the use of sustained release capsules
|
Permit a reduction in the number of daily doses and produce relatively steady drug levls over an extended time
|
|
|
Name six additional routes of administration
|
topically, transdermal, inhaled, rectal suppositories, vaginal suppositories, and direct injection
|
|
|
Movement of drugs throughout the body is known as?
|
distribution
|
|
|
Three major factors affecting drug distribution
|
blood flow to tissues, ability of a drug to exit the vascular system, and ability of a drug to enter cells
|
|
|
Name two pathological conditions where treatment with drugs is difficult because of poor blood flow to the tissues
|
Abscesses and tumors
|
|
|
Describe how drugs usually leave a capaillary to enter the interstitial space in the tissue
|
pass between capillary cells rather than through them, movement into the interstitial space is not impeded
|
|
|
Name two organs in the body where drugs must cross a cell membrane
|
blood brain barrier, placenta
|
|
|
If a drug can bind easily to albumin in the blood, how can this affect the amount of drug available to the desired site of action?
|
because albumin is too large to leave the bloodstream, drug molecules that are bound can not leave either
|
|
|
If a large percentage of molecules of a certain drug is bound to albumin molecules in the blood stream and another drug knocks a lot of the molecules off and takes their place, what potentially could happen?
|
Toxicity
|
|
|
What is another term for metabolism
|
biotransformation
|
|
|
This is the enzymatic alteration of drug structure
|
metabolism
|
|
|
where does most drug metabolism take place
|
liver
|
|
|
What is the most important consequence of drug metabolism
|
accelerated renal drug excretion
|
|
|
What are six possible consequences of drug metabolism that have therapeutic significance
|
accelerated renal excretion of drugs, drug inactivation, increased therapeutic action, activation of "prodrugs" increased toxicity and decreased toxicity
|
|
|
A compound that is pharmacologically inactive as administered and then undergoes conversion to its active form within the body is a?
|
Prodrug
|
|
|
How might metabolism increase toxicity?
|
by converting relatively safe compounds into forms that are toxic
|
|
|
Why are infants especially sensitive to drugs?
|
because the liver does not develop its full capacity to metabolize drugs until one year
|
|
|
What might happen if two drugs that are metabolized in a similar way are given at the same time?
|
compete with each other for metabolism and thereby decrease the rate at which one or both agents are metabolized.
|
|
|
What is the rapid hepatic inactivation of certain oral drugs known as?
|
First pass effect
|
|
|
What are 6 ways drugs exit the body?
|
Urine, breast milk, bile, lungs, sweat and saliva
|
|
|
What are the 3 processes that result in urinary excretion of drugs?
|
Glomerular filtration, Passive tubular reabsorption and active tubular secretion
|
|
|
What can be the result of two drugs given at the same time that compete for active tubular transport? how might this be beneficial?
|
Can delay renal excretion thereby prolonging effects
|
|
|
The plasma drug level below which therapeutic effects will not occur
|
Minimum effective concentration
|
|
|
When plasma drug levels climb to high
|
toxic concentration
|
|
|
Range between Minimum effective concentration and toxic concentration
|
Therapeutic Range
|
|
|
A steady level of drug in the body
|
plateau
|
|
|
The time required for the amount of drug in the body to decline by 50%
|
half life
|
|
|
How does a drug's half life affect the dosing schedule?
|
affects the dosing interval
|
|
|
The highest level the drug reaches in the body
|
Peak concentration
|
|
|
The lowest level the drug reaches in the body
|
trough concentration
|
|
|
When would doing lab work to measure the peak or trough of a drug be mose valuable to determine safe drug levels?
|
when drug has a narrow therapeutic range
|
|
|
When a large initial dose is given this is called?
|
loading dose
|
|
|
Doses administrated after the loading dose
|
Maintenance doses
|
|
|
How many half-lives does it take for most 94% of the drug to leave the body?
|
4
|
