Pharmacology Exam Ii - - Antimicrobial Agents

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An agent that might kill is...?

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-cidal

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An Agent that will prevent growth is...?

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-static

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Added to various LIQUID dosage forms and cosmetic prepartions to prevent microbial contamination.

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Preservatives

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Also known as Parabens

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p-hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives

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Used as antifungal preservatives

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Parabens

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Occur naturally in gum benzoin and balsams.

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Benzoic acid & Esters

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Used as an antiseptic in lotions, ointments, mouthwashes, and also as a preservative in food.

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Benzoic acid and Salt

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Also know as phenylcarbinal, phenylmethanol

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Benzyl Alcohol

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Preservative in vials of injectable drugs in concentraction of 1-4% in water or saline solution. Has the advantage of having a local anesthetic action.

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Benzyl Alcohol

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Benzyl Alcohol is...
Bacteriostatic or Bacteriocidal

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Bacteriostatic

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Antifungal Preservative that is sparingly soluble in water

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Sorbic Acid and Salt

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Used to preserve syrups, elixirs, ointments, and lotions containing components such as sugars that support mold growth.

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Sorbic Acid and Salt

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Used as a bacteriostatic agent in pharmaceuticals for injections, opthalmic and intranasal administration. Slightly soluble in water and soluble in alcohol and organic solvents.

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Chlorobutanol Chloretone

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Unstable when heated in aqueous solutions especially at pHs about 7. It undergoes the haloform RXN.

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Chlorobutanol Chloretone

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Alcohol, sodium propionate, phenylmercuric nitrate and accetate.

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Other Preservatives

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Exerts a rapid and sustained lethal action against microorganisms, retain activity in the presence of body fluids, be non irritations to tissues, lack systemic toxicity when applied to skin or mucous membranes, and not interfere with healing.

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Ideal Antiseptic

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An agent that prevents infection by the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms when applied to inanimate object.

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Disinfectant

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Considering alcohols, branching increases activity. (tertiary>secondary>primary)
True or False??

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False!
Primary alcohols have the greatest activity

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Widely Used alcohols

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Ethyl and Isopropyl

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Primary uses for alcohols and aldehydes

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External uses: as an antiseptic, preservative, mild counterirritant or solvent

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Consider a primary alcohol...Will an alcohol with a MW of C10 have a higher potency than an alcohol with a MW of C7???

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No!
Beyond C8, water solubility if less than MEC. Therefore, after C8, potency decreases as the MW increases.

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Ratio of a disinfectant to dilution of phenol required to kill a given strain of bacteria.

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Phenol Coefficient

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Considering phenols, substitution with alkyl, aryl, and halogen (especially para) groups, Increases OR Decreases activity???

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Increases bactericidal activity

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Considering phenols; Are Straight Chain alkyl groups more effective than branched ones???

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Yes, straight chain groups are more effective.

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True or False
Monophenolics are more potent than Biphenolics

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False!

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Used in 2-3% in soaps, detergents, creams, lotions, and other forms for a variety of antiseptic uses.

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Phenols

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Phenols are found in throat lozenges for two reasons.

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They have surface-active properties and they also have anesthetic activity.

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Depend upon liberation of oxygen in the tissues: particularly useful against anerobic bacteria and in the cleansing of contaminated woulnds.

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Oxidizing Agents

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Mechanism used by oxidizing agents.

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Denatures proteins through direct oxidant action

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Disadvantage of oxidizing agents

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Poor permeability into tissues and organic matter

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One of the oldest known germicides in use today.

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I2

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Used as an antiseptic for application to the skin before surgery and injections, for the treatment of infected wounds and laceratiosn, and for local bacterial and fungal infections.

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Halogen-Containing Compounds

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Used for disinfecting water

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Chlorine

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Rapid and marked cidal action against most microorganisms including both gram+ and gram- bacteria, molds, yeasts, viruses and spores.

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Oxychlorosene sodium

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Quaternary ammonium compounds that ionize in water and exhibit surface active properties: cationic head and long hydrocarbon tail.

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Cationic Surfactants

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Activity is due to surface-active properties

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Cationic Surfactants

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Benzalkonium Chloride is what type of antimicrobial agent?

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Cationic Surfactant

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What are the two groups of mycoses infections?

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Dermatophytoses and Yeast Infections

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All fatty acids have fungicidal properties...True or False?

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True

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High or low molecular weight fatty acid members have lower volatility?

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Higher Molecular Weight

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Propionic acid, Caprylic acid, and Undecylenic Acid

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Commonly used acids and salts

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Effective against most fungi that cause superficial infections of the skin and mucous membranes. Also effective against yeast that cause systemic infections.

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Imidazoles

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Imidazoles are fungistatic at what concentrations?

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Low concentraions...nanomolar

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Imidazoles are fungicidal at what concentrations?

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High concentrations...micromolar

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2% Concentration of this nitrate salt is used in most topical prepartions such as creams, lotions, powders, and sprays

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Miconazole

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Available in the injectable form for the treatment of serious systemic fungal infections.

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Free Base Miconazole

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What is Miconazole used for?

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Treatment of tinea infections, cutaneous and vaginal candidiasis

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Used for treatment of ringworm, jock itch, and athlete's foot.

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Tolnaftate

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Available as 1% in creams, powders, aerosols, gels, and solutions for superficial tinea infections

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Tolnaftate

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Orally active antifungal agent

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Flucytosine, 5-FC

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For serious systemic infection of Candida and Cryptococcus

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Flucytosine, 5-FC

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Generally called polyenes

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Antifungal Antibiotics

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Produce leakage through the cell. Appear to bind with sterol in the membrane to cause disorganization and loss of cell constituents.
i.e. the cidal action at high concentration

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Antifungal Antibiotics

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Broad spectrum with potent activity against pathogenic yeasts, molds, and dermatophytes. Not effective against bacteria, rickettsia, or viruses

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Antifungal Antibiotics

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Systemic infections are limited by the poor chemical stabilities, low water solubilities and toxicities.

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Polyenes

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Toxicities are expressed by: nephritis toxicity, fever, GI distress, headache, anorexia, muscle & joint pain

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Amphotericin B

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Ststemic absorption following oral administration is practically nil.

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Nystatin

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An example of a 26 membered macrolide.

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Natamycin

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Example of a Non-Macrolide

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Griseofulvin

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Used for systemic treatment of tinea infections. i.e. refractory ringworm infections of the body, nails, hair, and feet caused by various species of dermatophytic fungi.

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Griseofulvin