Pharmacology Exam I

Front 1

Aim of drug therapy

Back 1

Prevent, Cure or Control Various disease states

Front 2

_________ examines the movement of a drug over time through the body

Back 2

Pharmacokinetics

Front 3

Route of administration is determined primarily by the

Back 3

properties of the drug and by the therapeutic objectives

Front 4

2 Major Routes of drug administration

Back 4

Enteral and Parenteral

Front 5

Major site of metabolism

Back 5

Liver

Front 6

Define volume

Back 6

Volume: the volume of distribution is a hypothetical volume of fluid into which a drug is disseminated

Front 7

Explain Ion Trapping

Back 7

Unprotenated molecule dissuse readily across the cell membrane. Once inside the cell, the lower pH results in the molecule being protenated, thus inhibiting its passage back out of the cell (Ion trapping).

Front 8

Enteral subcategories

Back 8

a) oral
b) sublingual
c) rectal

Front 9

Parental Subcategories

Back 9

a) Intravscular (IV)
b) Intramuscular (IM)
c) Subcutaneous (SC)

Front 10

_________ = giving a drug by mouth

Back 10

Oral (subcategory of enteral)

Front 11

__________ = most common route of administration

Back 11

oral

Front 12

_______ = most variable route of administration

Back 12

oral

Front 13

______ involves the most complicated pathway to the tissue

Back 13

oral

Front 14

Major site of entry of the systemic circulation

Back 14

Duodenum (because of its larger absorptive surface)

Front 15

"other" routes of drug administration

Back 15

1) inhalation
2) intranasal
3) intrathecal/intraventricular
4) topical
5) transdermal
6) intaosseous (bone) IV fluids with children

Front 16

Note regarding the GI Tract

Back 16

most drugs absorbed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract enter the portal circulation and encounter the liver before they are distributed into the general circulation

Front 17

Figure 1.3

Back 17

-Drugs administered IV enter directly into the systemic circulation & have direct access to the rest of the body

-Drugs administered orally are first exposed to the liver and may be extensively metabolized before reaching the rest of the body

Front 18

______ limits the efficacy of many drugs when taken orally

Back 18

first-pass metabolism by the intestine or liver

Front 19

Note on enteric coating

Back 19

Enteric coating of a drug protects it from the acidic environment and may prevent gastric irritation. The release of the drug may be prolonged, producing a sustained-release effect.

Front 20

Placement under the tongue

Back 20

Sublingual

Front 21

allows a drug to diffuse into the capillary network and therefore to enter the systemic circulation directly

Back 21

sublingual (placement under the tongue)

Front 22

enteral drug bypasses the intestine and liver and avoids first pass metabolism

Back 22

sublingual (ex: B-12 and nitroglycerin)

Front 23

50% of the drainage of the _____ region bypasses the portal circulation (thus biotransformation of drugs by the liver is minimized)

Back 23

rectal

Front 24

2 enteral routes that prevent the destruction of the drug by intestinal enzymes or by low pH in the stomach

Back 24

sublingual and rectal

Front 25

route that gives quick relief for dehydration and vomitting

Back 25

rectal

Front 26

Note on rectal route

Back 26

Rectal route commonly used to administer antiemetic agents
~ Tylenol, Tigan, Comparine, suppositories and IV fluids

Front 27

specialized target macromolecule present on the cell surface or intracellularly

Back 27

receptor

Front 28

the study of biochemical and physiological effects of the drugs and the mechanism of drug action and the relationship between drug concentration and effect

Back 28

pharmacodynamics

Front 29

bind drugs and mediate their pharmacologic actions

Back 29

receptors

Front 30

drugs may interact with

Back 30

1) enzymes (ex: inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase by trimethoprim)
2) Nucleic Acids (ex: blocade of transcription by dactinomycin)
3) Membrane receptors (ex: alteration of membrane permeability by pilocarpine)

Front 31

the influence of drug concentrations on the magnitude of the response

Back 31

pharmacodynamics

Front 32

what the body does to a drug

Back 32

pharmacokinetics

Front 33

study of what a drug does to the body

Back 33

pharmacodynamics

Front 34

pharmacodynamics deals with

Back 34

1) interaction of drugs with receptors
2) molecular consequences of these interactions
3) their effects in the living organism

Front 35

Eye: contraction of iris RADIAL muscle (pupil dilates)

Back 35

sympathetic (songs on the RADIO are SYMPATHETIC)eye dilates when scared: fight or flight: sympathetic

Front 36

Eye: contraction of iris SPHINCTER muscle (pupil constricts)

Back 36

parasympathetic

Front 37

contraction of CILIARY muscle (lens accommodates for NEAR vision)

Back 37

parasympathetic

Front 38

Trachea & Bronchioles: Dilate

Back 38

sympathetic

Front 39

Trachea & Bronchioles: Constricts, increases secretions

Back 39

parasympathetic

Front 40

Adrenal Medulla: Epinephrine & Norepinephrine secreted

Back 40

sympathetic

Front 41

Kidney: secretion of renin (B1 increases, A1 decreases)

Back 41

sympathetic

Front 42

Ureters & Bladder: relaxes detrusor; contraction of trigone and sphincter

Back 42

sympathetic (detrusor muscle expels a substance when CONTRACTED) so fluid is being contained in this situation

Front 43

Ureters & Bladder: contraction of detrusor; relaxation of trigone and sphincter

Back 43

parasympathetic: so fluid is expelled

Front 44

Genitalia (Male): Stimulates Ejaculation

Back 44

sympathetic

Front 45

Genitalia (Male): stimulates erection

Back 45

parasympathetic

Front 46

Lacrimal Glands: stimulates tears

Back 46

parasympathetic

Front 47

Salivary Glands: thick, viscid secretions

Back 47

sympathetic

Front 48

Salivary Glands: copious, watery secretion

Back 48

parasympathetic

Front 49

Heart: Increased rate; Increased contractility

Back 49

sympathetic

Front 50

Heart: Decreased rate; Decreased contractility

Back 50

parasympathetic

Front 51

Gastrointestinal: Decrease in muscle motility and tone; contraction of sphincters

Back 51

sympathetic

Front 52

Gastrointestinal: Increased muscle motility and tone

Back 52

parasympathetic

Front 53

Genitalia (Female): Relaxation of uterus

Back 53

sympathetic

Front 54

Blood Vessels (skeletal muscle): Dilatation

Back 54

parasympathetic

Front 55

Blood Vessels (skin, mucous membranes and splanchnic area): Constriction

Back 55

sympathetic

Front 56

Sympathetic Ganglia

Back 56

Ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system are close to the spinal cord. Postganglionic fibers are long, allowing extensive branching to innervate more than one organ system. (Discharge as a unit)

Front 57

Parasympathetic Ganglia

Back 57

Ganglia are close to or on the surface of the effector organs and the postganglionic fibers are short.

Front 58

used for drugs that are poorly absorbed by the GI tract

Back 58

parenteral

Front 59

used for agents unstable in the GI tract

Back 59

parenteral (ex: insulin)

Front 60

used for treatment of unconscious patients and under circumstances that require rapid onset of action

Back 60

parenteral

Front 61

provides the most control over the actual dose of drug delivered to the body

Back 61

parenteral

Front 62

most common parenteral route

Back 62

intravenous (IV) injection
(for drugs not absorbed orally, often no other choice)

Front 63

route permits a rapid effect and a maximal degree of control over the circulating levels of the drug

Back 63

intravascular

Front 64

suspension of drug in a nonaqueous vehicle

Back 64

depot preparation (ex: polythylene glycol)

Front 65

drugs administered ________ can be aqueous solutions or specialized depot preperations

Back 65

IM

Front 66

absorption of drugs in an aqueous solution is ______ whereas that of a depot preparation is ________

Back 66

fast;slow

Front 67

drug dissolves slowly, providing a sustained dose over an extended period of time

Back 67

IM (ex: Haloperidol Decanoate & Probenecid in PCN)

Front 68

parenteral routes that require absorption

Back 68

IM and SC

Front 69

Examples of SC administration

Back 69

1) solids (silastic capsule containing contraceptive levonorgestrel)
2) Mechanical pumps to deliver insulin for some diabetics

Front 70

Note on SC and drug mixing

Back 70

Minute amounts of Epi. are sometimes combined with a drug to restrict its area of action. Epi acts as a local vasoconstrictor and decreases removal of a drug (such as lidocaine) from the site of administration. (Mix drugs to decrease or slow removal of a drug; makes it last longer).
Don't inject in a finger or toe.

Front 71

Provides rapid delivery of a drug across the large surface area of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and pulmonary epithelium

Back 71

inhalation

Front 72

route used for drugs that are gases or those dispersed in an aerosol

Back 72

inhalation