Pharmacology Exam 5

Front 1

Antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis, 3 classes

Back 1

Macrolides
Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines

Front 2

The Macrolides (4)

Back 2

1- Erythromycin
2- Clarithromycin: more stable in acid
3- Azithromycin: longer T.5
4- Telithromycin

Front 3

Erythromycin

Back 3

- Reversibly binds to 50S and inhibits translocation of tRNA
- Targets G+ staph and strep
- SE: GI upset (nausea and heartburn), inc GI motility by binding to motilin, strong inhibitor of P450, ototoxicity, liver damage

Front 4

Telithromycin

Back 4

- SE: severe liver toxicity; a neurotoxin, can block nicotinic receptors in muscles (adverse effects on myasthenia gravis and eye issues)

Front 5

Aminoglycosides (7)

Back 5

1- Streptomycin
2- Gentamycin
3- Tobramyin
4- Neomycin: very nephrotoxic
5- Amikacin
6- Kanamycin
7- Netilmicin

Front 6

Streptomycin

Back 6

- Irreversibly binds to 30S; alters tRNA binding to mRNA=> mRNA misreading
- SE: oto/nephrotoxic, at high doses can dec ACh and ACh receptors on muscle (neuromuscular blockade), category D
- Aerobic G-

Front 7

Tetracyline

Back 7

- Reversibly binds to 30S; inhibits the binding of tRNA to A site
- SE: Bind to cations Fe, Al, and especially Ca, category D, renal and hepatic toxicity, allergic photosensitivity, degrades to renal/hepatic toxins in vitro, so DON'T use past expiration date

Front 8

Other tetracyclines (3)

Back 8

1- Doxycycline
2- Minocyline
3- Tigecycline

Front 9

Chloramphenicol

Back 9

- Inhibits peptidyl transferase
- SE: inhibits P450, blood dyscarias, metabolized by phase II reactions (glucorindation), inc chloranphenicol -> vascular collapse -> cyanosis (gray baby syndrome), hemolytic anemias esp in Px w/ G6P dehase deficiency
- Targets salmonella, beta-lactam resistant organisms, ppl allergic to penicillin

Front 10

Lincosamides- clindamycin, lincomycin

Back 10

- Like erythromycin, enzyme inhibitor
- SE: C. difficile superinfection
- Targets severe anaerobic infections, G+ and G-, dental prophylaxis in Px w/ heart valve problems

Front 11

Streptogramins: Quinupristin + Dalfopristin

Back 11

- Quin blocks binding of tRNA at A & P site; Dalf blocks A site
- SE: inhibit P450, joint and muscle pain
- Targets G+

Front 12

Oxazolidinone- Linezolid

Back 12

- Inhibits binding of fmet tRNA to P site
- SE: anemia, thrombocytopenia, C. dificile infections
- Targets G+ and Tx MRSA

Front 13

Daptomycin

Back 13

- Disrupts bacterial cell membranes
- SE: eosinophilic pneumonia, muscle weakness
- Targets aerobic G+; not for pneumonia -> it binds to surfactant

Front 14

Fidaxomicin

Back 14

- Very specific for C. dificile
- Oral, not systemically absorbed
- Inhibits RNA polymerase of C. dificile
- SE: GI upset

Front 15

Fluoroquinolines- Ciprofloxacin

Back 15

- Inhibits topoisomerase II & IV
- Targets broad spectrum G+ and G-, acid fast
- SE: damage to developing cartilage (tendinitis, achilles tendon rupture), CNS (nausea, convulsions), visual (retinal detachment, corneal proliferation), worsens myasthenia gravis

Front 16

Other quinolones (7)
" the Floxacins"

Back 16

1- Ofloxacin
2- Gatifloxacin
3- Moxifloxacin
4- Levofloxacin
5- Gemifloxacin
6- Norfloxacin
7- Lomefloxacin

Front 17

Sulfonamides- Sulfisoxazole

Back 17

- Inhibits dihydropterate synthetase
- Tagets broad spectrum, UTIs
- SE: allergic rxn=> Steven Johnson syndrome (whole body rash)- life threatening, hemolytic anemias (G6P deficiency), jaundice

*Sulfacetamide, sulfadiazine

Front 18

Trimethoprim

Back 18

- Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase
- Very specific for bacterial enzyme
- Used in combo w/ sulfa drugs
- Targets G-, especially in UTI
- SE: megaloblastic anemia, leukopenia, granulocytopenia