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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some factors that can affect drug detection in racehorses?
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• Physiological
Urine flow rate Blood flow rate Intra- and inter-horse variability Feed Disease Exercise • Pharmacological factors Dosage Dosing interval Route of administration Drug-drug interactions • Analytical factors Choice of screening test, some are more sensitive than others |
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What is the difference between a "jug" and a "runnin jug"
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A "jug" is typically 1L electrolyte (lactated ringers solution or saline) with or without extra additives
A "runnin jug" is 500cc, usually Dexolyte solution, combination of dextrose and electrolytes |
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In racetrack terminology the term bleeder is used for a horse with what problem?
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EIPH - Exercise induced pulmonary hemmorhage
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It is common for a track hand to administer a nasogastric drench the day of the race? T/F
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False. Barn personnel are not allowed to possess nasogastric tubes
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Blocks given on raceday commonly possess what type of drug?
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Mainly anti-inflammatory meds
- Combination of very low dose corticosteroid plus mild pain reliever |
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What advantageos factors for wound healing are caused by using a "blister"?
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Increased blood flow
Recruitment of healing factors to the area |
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What are 5 different treatment types used for lameness?
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• Anti-inflammatory
NSAIDs, can use 24 hours pre race Corticosteroids, mostly used intra-articularly (IA), not systemic • Replacement Hyaluronic acid: HA given IA (significant flare if given alone), analogs given IM (Adequan) or IV (Legend) Chondroitins, glucosamines: cartilage builders • Analgesia (mild): Sarapin, methylcarbamine(muscle relaxant) • Counter-irritation to promote blood flow Internal and external blisters • Adjunct therapy: physical therapy (swimming, training) |
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Rhabdomyolysis is commonly known as what and what are some treatments for it?
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Rhabdomyolysis is "tying up"
Treatments include • Anti-inflammatory NSAIDs, can use 24 hours pre race • Sedatives Xylazine, detomidine, acepromazine (not used as much because withdrawal time longer than α2-agonists) Steroids Boldenone decolate (Equipoise), altrenogest(Regumate), testosterone • Helps to decrease anxiety, thought to contribute to tying up syndrome • Ca++ channel blocker: dantrolene • Muscle relaxant (central acting): methocarbamol(not used much anymore) |
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The trade name of the primary drug used for EIPH?
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Lasix
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What are three consequences of Training Stress Syndrome
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• Stop eating
• Gastric ulcers • Tie up |
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The anabolic steroids: Boldenone decolate, stanozolol, and testosterone have what two effects that are beneficial when talking about Training Stress Syndrome?
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Increased appetite
Increased boldness |
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Which factors require Vitamin K for activity?
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II, VII, IX, X
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Which two local hemostatics would be preferred for use during surgery for a large oozing area? Which of these two is definitely contraindicated for orthopaedic surgery?
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Gelatin Sponge
Oxidized cellulose Oxidised cellulose |
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Heparin vs Coumarin
Which is more likely to require further Tx after removal of the drug? |
Coumarin
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Since it is cheaper why is coumarin not used as an anticoagulant in tubes of blood?
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Coumarins reduce the presence of Vit K
dependent factors, works in vivo |
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Which is more likely to have deleterious effects of coumarin poisining: a lactating bitch, or the sire?
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If all other factors are the same the sire is most likely to be affected. Lactating animals resistant, lactogenic hormone
protectant |
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When using a coumarin Tx regimen what level would you like to see on an OSPT (one stage prothrombin test)
A. 1-1.5x normal B. 1.5-2x normal C. 2-2.5x normal D. 2.5-3x normal |
C. 2-2.5x normal
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What factor does the OSPT check?
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Factor VII
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What is prevented from further depletion by use of heparin in DIC?
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Replacement clotting factors and platelets
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Why is IM heparin use not recommended
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increased Hematoma formation
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What else needs to be present in order for heparin to work?
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α globulin or antithrombin III
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What factors are inhibited by heparin?
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Inhibits factors from both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways including thrombin, Xa, IXa, XIa,XIIa,and kallikrein
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Why is the antiplatelet activity of aspirin long lived?
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Aspirin binds to the COX receptors irreversibly, thus preventing binding to these receptors for the life of the platelet.
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If you give 15 mg of carprofen to a 15 kg dog is it a reasonable assumption that you should give 1mg to a 1 kg turtle?
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Hell No!!
EXTRAPOLATION BETWEEN SPECIES IS NOT RECOMMENDED!!!!! |
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What are three safe methods of acetominophen metabolism?
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Glucoronidation, Sulfonation, GS added (glutathione?)
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Why is acetaminophen not used in cats?
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Cats- very sensitive to toxicity
* Methemoglobinemia (most imp) * Hemolysis & signs of icterus, anemia & Hburia * Heinz-body anemia * Edema of face & extremity * Cyanosis * Liver necrosis |
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Give some reasons why aspirin is the most main NSAID used as an antithrombotic
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• Only irreversible NSAID
• Covalently modifies COX1 & 2 • Most important consequence in platelets • Platelets have no nucleus, therefore no machinery to make new proteins • Effect lasts the lifetime of the platelet (~8-11 days) • Only need small doses |
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Fever is reduced by the inhibition of synthesis of which prostaglandin?
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PGE2
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Which cyclooxygenase has recently been found in the CNS, and which 2 NSAIDs are preferred in use against it
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COX 3
Acetaminophen and Carprofen |
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Gastric Ulcers may be formed when NSAIDs prevent production of which prostaglandins?
Which NSAID is most likely to cause ulceration? Least likely? |
PGE2, PGI2
Indomethacin Ketoprofen |
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What concurrent conditions are likely to lead to kidney damage when an animal is treated with NSAIDs
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Dehydration
Use of other drugs that are potentially harmful to the kidney (aminoglycosides) |
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How is kidney damage going to be manifested as a result of NSAID use
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Renal Papillary Necrosis
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What are 4 signs of Addisonian crises? What may cause this?
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–Cardiovascular collapse
–Respiratory collapse –Coma –Death Sudden withdrawal of corticosteroids |
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Name 7 short term adverse affects of corticosteroid use.
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• Stress leukogram
• Hepatic enzyme leakage into plasma • Sick euthyroid syndrome • PU/PD • Polyphagia • Teratogenic • Abortion (C16 forms only) |
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Name 7 adverse affects of prolonged corticosteroid use.
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• Increased susceptibility to infections
• Myopathy • Behavioral changes • Osteoporosis • Inhibition of growth in young animals • Thinning of skin • Collagen diseases |
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Which enzymes are most affected my antiinflammatory steroids? Non steroidal antiinflammatories?
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Phospholipase (prevents arachadonic acid production)
Cyclooxygenase (prevents prostaglandin production) |
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Why should glucocorticoids not be used in pregnant animals?
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Teratogenic
Some cause abortion |
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What cell type produces estrogen and androgens?
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Theca cells
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Where in the ovary is progesterone produced?
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Corpus luteum
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Which cell type in the testis produces testosterone?
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Leydig cells
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What are some contraindications for corticosteroid use?(7)
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– Diabetes mellitus
– Pre-existing catabolic conditions – Bacterial or fungal disease – Ocular viral infections – Growth in young animals – Pregnancy – Delays wound healing |
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Where is aldosterone (mineralocorticoids) produced?
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Adrenal gland
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